AmodificationofAOACMethod996.11,AACCMethod76-13.01andRACIStandardMethodforthemeasurement,andanalysisoftotalstarchincerealfloursandfoodproducts.Thiskitcontainsanimprovedα-amylasethatallowstheamylaseincubationstobeperformedatpH5.0(aswellaspH7.0).ThemethodhasbeenfurthermodifiedbyadjustingtheD-glucosedeterminationtoahexokinase/glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase/NADP+basedformat.
Measurementoftotalstarchincerealproductsbyamyloglucosidase-alpha-amylasemethod:collaborativestudy.
McCleary,B.V.,Gibson,T.S.&Mugford,D.C.(1997).JournalofAOACInternational,80,571-579.
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AnAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists/AOACcollaborativestudywasconductedtoevaluatetheaccuracyandreli
ABIlityofanenzymeassaykitprocedureformeasurementoftotalstarchinarangeofcerealgrainsandproducts.Thefloursampleisincubatedat95degreesCwith
Thermostablealpha-amylasetocatalyzethehydrolysisofstarchtomaltodextrins,thepHoftheslurryisadjusted,andtheslurryistreatedwithahighlypurifiedamyloglucosidasetoquantitativelyhydrolyzethedextrinstoglucose.Glucoseismeasuredwithglucoseoxidase-peroxidasereagent.Thirty-twocollaboratorsweresent16homogeneoustestsamplesas8blindduplicates.Thesesamplesincludedchickenfeedpellets,whitebread,greenpeas,high-amylosemaizestarch,whitewheatflour,wheatstarch,oatbran,andspaghetti.Allsampleswereanalyzedbythestandardprocedureasdetailedabove;4samples(high-amylosemaizestarchandwheatstarch)werealsoanalyzedbyamethodthatrequiresthesamplestobecookedfirstindimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).Relativestandarddeviationsforrepeatability(RSD(r))rangedfrom2.1to3.9%,andrelativestandarddeviationsforreproducibility(RSD(R))rangedfrom2.9to5.7%.TheRSD(R)valueforhighamylosemaizestarchanalyzedbythestandard(non-DMSO)procedurewas5.7%;thevaluewasreducedto2.9%whentheDMSOprocedurewasused,andthedeterminedstarchvaluesincreasedfrom86.9to97.2%.
Measurementofcarbohydratesingrain,feedandfood.
McCleary,B.V.,Charnock,S.J.,Rossiter,P.C.,O’Shea,M.F.,Power,A.M.&Lloyd,R.M.(2006).JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture,86(11),1648-1661.
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Proceduresforthemeasurementofstarch,starchdamage(gelatinisedstarch),resistantstarchandtheamylose/amylopectincontentofstarch,β-glucan,fructan,glucomannanandgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharides(raffinose,stachyoseandverbascose)inplantmaterial,animalfeedsandfoodsaredescribed.Mostofthesemethodshavebeensuccessfullysubjectedtointerlaboratoryevaluation.Allmethodsarebasedontheuseofenzymeseitherpurifiedbyconventionalchromatographyorproducedusingmolecular
BIOLOGytechniques.Suchmethodsallowspecific,accurateandreliablequantificationofaparticularcomponent.Problemsincalculatingtheactualweightofgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharidesintestsamplesarediscussedindetail.
Magnesiumapplicationstogrowthmediumandfoliageaffectthestarchdistribution,increasethegrainsizeandimprovetheseedgerminationinwheat.
Ceylan,Y.,Kutman,U.B.,Mengutay,M.&Cakmak,I.(2016).PlantandSoil,406(1),145–156.
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BackgroundandAims:Magnesium(Mg)hasdiversefunctionsinplantsandplaysacriticalroleincarbohydratepartitioningbetweensourceandsinktissues.Thereis,however,limitedinformationavailableabouttheeffectsofMgdeficiencyongrainstarchaccumulation,yieldformationandseedqualityintermsofseedgerminationandseedlingestablishmentinwheat.Methods:Inasolutioncultureexperiment,breadwheat(Triticumaestivum)wasgrowntomaturitywithloworadequateMgundergreenhouseconditions,andapost-anthesisfoliarMgapplicationwastestedonlow-Mgplants.TheeffectsoftheseMgtreatmentsoni)yieldparameters,ii)distributionofstarchamongsinkandsourceorgans,iii)tissueconcentrationsofMgandothermineralsandiv)seedgerminationandseedlingdevelopmentwereinvestigated.Results:LowMgsupplydidnotaffectthevegetativebiomassproduction;butsubstantiallyreducedthegrainyield.Post-anthesisfoliarMgspraysignificantlyminimizedyieldlossescausedbyMgdeficiency.DecreasesingrainyieldbyMgdeficiencywereduetodecreasesinindividualseedweightratherthanseednumberperspike.LowMgdepressedthegrainandrootstarchlevels,whileincreasingtheleafstarch.FoliarMgspraylargelyreversedtheseeffectsofMgdeficiency.Seedsobtainedfromlow-Mgplantsexhibitedsevereimpairmentsingerminationandseedlingestablishment.TheseseedqualitytraitswerealsogreatlyimprovedbyfoliarMgapplicationtomaternalplants.Conclusions:Magnesiumdeficiencyreducesgrainyieldinwheatmainlybylimitingthecarbohydratesupplytodevelopingseedsandthusbydecreasingtheseedweight.Sincevegetativegrowthisfarlessaffectedthanyieldformation,Mgdeficiencymayremainlatentuntilseed-filling.Therefore,foliarMgapplicationappearstobeapromisingtooltoalleviateMgdeficiencyduringseed-fillingandminimizeitsimpactonyieldandseedquality.
NixtamalizationProcessAffectsResistantStarchFormationandGlycemicIndexofTamales.
Mariscal‐Moreno,R.M.,Cárdenas,F.,deDios,J.,Santiago‐Ramos,D.,Rayas‐Duarte,P.,Veles‐Medina,J.J.&Martínez‐Flores,H.E.(2017).JournalofFoodScience,82(5),1110-1115.
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Tamaleswerepreparedwith3nixtamalizationprocesses(tr
ADItional,ecological,andclassic)andevaluatedforchemicalcomposition,starchproperties,andglycemicindex.Resistantstarch(RS)intamalesincreased1.6to3.7timescomparedtorawmaize.Thisincrementwasduetothestarchretrogradation(RS3)andamylose–lipidcomplexes(RS5)formation.Tamaleselaboratedwithclassicandecologicalnixtamalizationprocessesexhibitedthehighesttotal,solubleandinsolubledietaryfibercontent,andthehighestRScontentandlower
invivoglycemicindexcomparedtotamaleselaboratedwithtraditionalnixtamalizationprocess.Thermalpropertiesoftamalesshowed3endotherms:amylopectinretrogradation(42.7to66.6°C),meltingofamyloselipidcomplextypeI(78.8to105.4),andmeltingofamylose–lipidcomplextypeII(110.7to129.7).RawmaizeexhibitedX-raydiffractionpatterntypeA,afternixtamalizationandcookingoftamalesitchangedtoV-typepolymorphstructure,duetoamylose–lipidcomplexesformation.Tamalesfromecologicalnixtamalizationprocessescouldrepresentpotentialhealthbenefitsassociatedwiththereductiononbloodglucoseresponseafterconsumption.