D-Fructose/D-Glucosetestkit,anenzymaticUV-methodforthemeasurementandanalysisofD-fructoseand/orD-glucoseinplantandfoodproducts.
Grapeandwineanalysis:Oenologiststoexploitadvancedtestkits.
Charnock,S.C.&McCleary,B.V.(2005).RevuedesEnology,117,1-5.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Itiswithoutdoubtthattestingplaysapivotalrolethroughoutthewholeofthevinificationprocess.Toproducethebestposs
IBLequalitywineandtominimiseprocessproblemssuchas“stuck”fermentationortroublesomeinfections,itisnowrecognisedthatifpossibletestingshouldbeginpriortoharvestingofthegrapesandcontinuethroughtobottling.Tr
ADItionalmethodsofwineanalysisareoftenexpensive,timeconsuming,requireeitherelaborateequipmentorspecialistexpertiseandfrequentlylackaccuracy.However,enzymaticbio-analysisenablestheaccuratemeasurementofthevastmajorityofanalytesofinteresttothewinemaker,usingjustonepieceofapparatus,thespectrophotometer(
seepreviousissueNo.116foradetailedtechnicalreview).Grapejuiceandwineareamenabletoenzymatictestingasbeingliquidstheyarehomogenous,easytomanipulate,andcangenerallybeanalysedwithoutanysamplepreparation.
Megazyme“advanced”winetestkitsgeneralcharacteristicsandvalidation.
Charnock,S.J.,McCleary,B.V.,Daverede,C.&Gallant,P.(2006).ReveuedesOenologues,120,1-5.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
ManyoftheenzymatictestkitsareofficialmethodsofprestigiousorganisationssuchastheAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemicals(AOAC)andtheAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists(AACC)inresponsetotheinterestfromoenologists.Megazymedecidedtouseitslonghistoryofenzymaticbio-analysistomakeasignificantcontributiontothewineindustry,bythedevelopmentofarangeofadvancedenzymatictestkits.Thistaskhasnowbeensuccessfullycompletedthroughthestrategicandcomprehensiveprocessofidentifyinglimitationsofexistingenzymaticbio-analysistestkitswheretheyoccurred,andthenusingadvancedtechniques,suchasmolecular
BIOLOGy(
photo1),torapidlyovercomethem.Noveltestkitshavealsobeendevelopedforanalytesofemerginginteresttotheoenologist,suchasyeastavailablenitrogen(
YAN;seepages2-3ofissue117article),orwherepreviouslyenzymesweresimplyeithernotavailable,orweretooexpensivetoemploy,suchasforD-mannitolanalysis.
LactosefermentationbyKombucha–aprocesstoobtainnewmilk–basedbeverages.
Iličić,M.,Kanurić,K.,Milanović,S.,Lončar,E.,Djurić,M.&Malbaša,R.(2012).RomanianBiotechnologicalLetters,17(1),7013-7021.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Thispaperfocusesonfermentationoflactosefromamodelsystem(blacktea)andfromtwotypesofmilk(0.9%w/wand2.2%w/woffat)byapplicationofKombucha.QuantitiesoftheappliedKombuchastarterwere10%v/vand15%v/v.Allfermentationswereperformedat42°C.TheprocesstoachieveadesirablepH=4.5wasslowerinthemodelsystem(16h)thaninmilks(9-10h).Regardingstarterquantity,10%v/vprovedtheoptimal.Regardingtypesofmilk,higherfatcontentguaranteesshorterfermentationandhigheryieldofmetabolites.Utilizationoflactosewasfoundatalevelof≈20%and≈30%inmilkswith0.9%w/wand2.2%w/woffat,respectively.Thiswascorrelatedwithanappearanceofintermediatesand/orproducts.Glucoseunderwentfurthertransformationsalmostentirely,whilegalactoseshowedmuchlowerreactivity.Seventotwelvetimeshighercontentsoflacticacidwerefoundcomparedtoaceticacid.Milk-basedbeveragefromthereducedfatsample,inoculatedwith10%v/vofKombuchastarter,hasthebestphysicalcharacteristics(syneresisandwaterholdingcapacity).Italsodevelopedagoodtexture(especiallycohesivenessandindexofviscosity).Milklactosefermentationwasaprocessthatcouldhavebeenusedforobtainingnewmilk-basedproducts.
Sourdough-leavenedbreadimprovespostprandialglucoseandinsulinplasmalevelsinsubjectswithimpairedglucosetolerance.
Maioli,M.,Pes,G.M.,Sanna,M.,Cherchi,S.,Dettori,M.,Manca,E.&Farris,G.A.(2008).ActaDiabetologica,45(2),91-96.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Sourdoughbreadhasbeenreportedtoimproveglucosemetabolisminhealthysubjects.Inthisstudypostprandialglycaemicandinsulinaemicresponseswereevaluatedinsubjectswithimpairedglucosetolerance(IGT)whohadamealcontainingsourdoughbreadleavenedwithlactobacilli,incomparisontoareferencemealcontainingbreadleavenedwithbakeryeast.SixteenIGTsubjects(agerange52–75,averageBMI29.9±4.2kg/m2)wererandomlygivenamealcontainingsourdoughbread(A)andamealcontainingthereferencebread(B)intwoseparateoccasionsatthebeginningofthestudyandafter7days.Sourdoughbreadwasleavenedfor8husingastartercontainingautochthonousSaccharomycescerevisiaeandseveralbacilliabletoproduceasignificantamountofD-andL-lacticacid,whereasthereferencebreadwasleavenedfor2hwithcommercialbakeryeastcontainingSaccharomycescerevisiae.Plasmaglucoseandinsulinlevelsweremeasuredattime0,30,60,120,and180min.InIGTsubjectssourdoughbreadinducedasignificantlylowerplasmaglucoseresponseat30minutes(p=0.048)andasmallerincrementalareaundercurve(AUC)Δ0–30andΔ0–60min(p=0.020and0.018respectively)incomparisontothebreadleavenedwithbakeryeast.Plasmainsulinresponsetothistypeofbreadshowedlowervaluesat30min(p=0.045)andasmallerAUCΔ0–30min(p=0.018).ThisstudyshowsthatinsubjectswithIGTglycaemicandinsulinaemicresponsesaftertheconsumptionofsourdoughbreadarelowerthanafterthebreadleavenedwithbakeryeast.Thiseffectislikelyduetothelacticacidproducedduringdoughleaveningaswellasthereducedavailabilityofsimplecarbohydrates.Thus,sourdoughbreadmaypotentiallybeofbenefitinsubjectswithimpairedglucosemetabolism.
Endocrineandmetaboliceffectsofconsumingfructose-andglucose-sweetenedbeverageswithmealsinobesemenandwomen:Influenceofinsulinresistanceonplasmatriglycerideresponses.
Teff,K.L.,Grudziak,J.,Townsend,R.R.,Dunn,T.N.,Grant,R.W.,Adams,S.H.,Keim,N.L.,Cummings,B.P.,Stanhope,K.L.&Havel,P.J.(2009).JournalofClinicalEndocrinology&Metabolism,94(5),1562-1569.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Context:Comparedwithglucose-sweetenedbeverages,consumptionoffructose-sweetenedbeverageswithmealselevatespostprandialplasmatriglyceridesandlowers24-hinsulinandleptinprofilesinnormal-weightwomen.Theeffectsoffructose,comparedwithglucose,ingestiononmetabolicprofilesinobesesubjectshasnotbeenstudied.Objective:Theobjectiveofthestudywastocomparetheeffectsoffructose-andglucose-sweetenedbeveragesconsumedwithmealsonhormonesandmetabolicsubstratesinobesesubjects.DesignandSetting:Thestudyhadawithin-subjectdesignconductedintheclinicalandtranslationalresearchcenter.Participants:Participantsincluded17obesemen(n=9)andwomen(n=8),withabodymassindexgreaterthan30kg/m2.Interventions:Subjectswerestudiedundertwoconditionsinvolvingingestionofmixednutrientmealswitheitherglucose-sweetenedbeveragesorfructose-sweetenedbeverages.Thebeveragesprovided30%oftotalkilocalories.Bloodsampleswerecollectedover24h.MainOutcomeMeasures:Areaunderthecurve(24hAUC)forglucose,lactate,insulin,leptin,ghrelin,uricacid,triglycerides(TGs),andfreefattyacidswasmeasured.Results:Comparedwithglucose-sweetenedbeverages,fructoseconsumptionwasassociatedwithlowerAUCsforinsulin(1052.6±135.1vs.549.2±79.7μU/mlper23h,P<0.001)=""and=""leptin=""(151.9=""±=""22.7=""vs.=""107.0=""±=""15.0=""ng/ml=""per=""24=""h,="">P<0.03)=""and=""increased=""auc=""for=""tg=""(242.3=""±=""96.8=""vs.=""704.3=""±=""124.4=""mg/dl=""per=""24=""h,="">P<0.0001).=""insulin-resistant=""subjects=""exhibited=""larger=""24-h=""tg=""profiles="">P<0.03).="">Conclusions:Inobesesubjects,consumptionoffructose-sweetenedbeverageswithmealswasassociatedwithlessinsulinsecretion,blunteddiurnalleptinprofiles,andincreasedpostprandialTGconcentrationscomparedwithglucoseconsumption.IncreasesofTGswereaugmentedinobesesubjectswithinsulinresistance,suggestingthatfructoseconsumptionmayexacerbateanalreadyadversemetabolicprofilepresentinmanyobesesubjects.Comparedtoglucose-sweetenedbeverages,consumptionoffructose-sweetenedbeveragesincreasespostprandialtriglyceridesinobesesubjects,potentiallyexacerbatingtheknownadversemetabolicprofileassociatedwithobesity.
Metabolicandendocrineprofilesinresponsetosystemicinfusionoffructoseandglucoseinrhesusmacaques.
Adams,S.H.,Stanhope,K.L.,Grant,R.W.,Cummings,B.P.&Havel,P.J.(2008).Endocrinology,149(6),3002-3008.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Diurnalpatternsofcirculatingleptinconcentrationsareattenuatedafterconsumptionoffructose-sweetenedbeveragescomparedwithglucose-sweetenedbeverages,likelyaresultoflimitedpostprandialglucoseandinsulinexcursionsafterfructose.Differencesinpostprandialexposureofadiposetissuetoperipheralcirculatingfructoseandglucoseorinadipocytemetabolismofthetwosugarsmayalsobeinvolved.Thus,wecomparedplasmaleptinconcentrationsafter6-hivinfusionsofsaline,glucose,orfructose(15mg/kg•min)inovernight-fastedadultrhesusmonkeys(n=9).Despiteincreasesofplasmafructosefromundetectablelevelstoabout2mmduringfructoseinfusion,plasmaleptinconcentrationsdidnotincrease,andthechangeofinsulinwasonlyabout10%ofthatseenduringglucoseinfusion.Duringglucoseinfusion,plasmaleptinwassignificantlyincreasedabovebaselineconcentrationsby240minandincreasedsteadilyuntilthefinal480-mintimepoint(changeinleptin=+2.5±0.9ng/ml,P<0.001="">vs.saline;percentchangeinleptin=+55±16%;P<0.005="">vs.saline).Substantialanaerobicmetabolismoffructosewassuggestedbyalargeincreaseofsteady-stateplasmalactate(changeinlactate=1.64±0.15mmfrombaseline),whichwassignificantlygreaterthanthatduringglucose(+0.53±0.14mm)orsaline(−0.51±0.14mm)infusions(P<0.001).=""therefore,=""increased=""adipose=""exposure=""to=""fructose=""and=""an=""active=""whole-body=""anaerobic=""fructose=""metabolism=""are=""not=""sufficient=""to=""increase=""circulating=""leptin=""levels=""in=""rhesus=""monkeys.=""thus,=""additional=""factors="">i.e.limitedpost-fructoseinsulinexcursionsand/orhexose-specificdifferencesinadipocytemetabolism)arelikelytounderliedisparateeffectsoffructoseandglucosetoincreasecirculatingleptinconcentrations.
β-FructofuranosidaseandsucrosephosphorylaseofrumenbacteriumPseudobutyrivibrioruminisstrain3.
Kasperowicz,A.,Stan-Glasek,K.,Guczynska,W.,Pristas,P.,Javorsky,P.,Vandzurova,A.&Michalowski,T.(2012).WorldJournalofMicrobiologyandBiotechnology,28(3),1271-1279.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
ThesubjectofthisstudywasthefructanandsucrosedegradingenzymesofbacteriumPseudobutyrivibrioruminisstrain3.Itwasstatedthatcellextractfrombacteriagrowingoninulincontainedβ-fructofuranosidase(EC3.2.1.80and/orEC3.2.1.26)andsucrosephosphorylase(EC2.4.1.7),whilethebacteriamaintainedonsucroseshowedonlyphosphorylase.Partiallypurifiedβ-fructofuranosidasedigestedinulooligosaccharidesandsucrosetofructoseorfructoseandglucose,respectively,butwasunabletodegradethelongchainpolymersofcommercialinulinandTimothygrassfructan.DigestionrateofinulooligosaccharidesfitMichaelis–MentenkineticswithVmax5.64μM/mg/minandKm1.274%,respectively,whilethatofsucrosewaslinear.Partiallypurifiedsucrosephosphorylasedigestedonlysucrose.Thedigestionproductswerefructose,glucose-1Pandfreeglucose.ThereactionwasinagreementwithMichaelis–Mentenkinetics.TheVmaxwere0.599and0.584μM/mg/min,whileKmwere0.190and0.202%forfructosereleaseandglucose-1Pformation,respectively,whenbacteriagrewoninulin.TheVmaxwere,however,1.37and1.023μM/mg/min,whileKmwere0.264and0.156%,ifbacteriaweregrownonsucrose.Thefreeglucosewashardlydetectablefortheenzymeoriginatedfrominulingrownbacteria,butglucoselevelsrangedfrom0.05to0.25μM/mg/min,whencellextractfrombacteriagrownonsucrosewasused.Releaseoffreeglucosewasobservedwhennoinorganicphosphatewaspresentinreactionmixture.
ComparativeeffectsoffructoseandglucoseonlipogenicgeneexpressionandintermediarymetabolisminHepG2livercells.
Hirahatake,K.M.,Meissen,J.K.,Fiehn,O.&Adams,S.H.(2011).PloSone,6(11),e26583.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Consumptionoflargeamountsoffructoseorsucroseincreaseslipogenesisandcirculatingtriglyceridesinhumans.Althoughtheunderlyingmolecularmechanismsresponsibleforthiseffectarenotcompletelyunderstood,itispossiblethatasreportedforrodents,highfructoseexposureincreasesexpressionofthelipogenicenzymesfattyacidsynthase(FAS)andacetyl-CoAcarboxylase(ACC-1)inhumanliver.Sinceactivationofthehexosaminebiosynthesispathway(HBP)isassociatedwithincreasesintheexpressionofFASandACC-1,itraisesthepossibilitythatHBP-relatedmetaboliteswouldcontributetoanyincreaseinhepaticexpressionoftheseenzymesfollowingfructoseexposure.Thus,wecomparedlipogenicgeneexpressioninhuman-derivedHepG2cellsafterincubationinculturemediumcontainingglucosealoneorglucoseplus5mMfructose,usingtheHBPprecursor10mMglucosamine(GlcN)asapositivecontrol.Cellularmetaboliteprofilingwasconductedtoanalyzedifferencesbetweenglucoseandfructosemetabolism.DespiteevidencefortheactiveuptakeandmetabolismoffructosebyHepG2cells,expressionofFASorACC-1didnotincreaseinthesecellscomparedwiththoseincubatedwithglucosealone.LevelsofUDP-N-acetylglucosamine(UDP-GlcNAc),theend-productoftheHBP,didnotdiffersignificantlybetweentheglucoseandfructoseconditions.Exposureto10mMGlcNfor10minutesto24hoursresultedin8-foldelevatedlevelsofintracellularUDP-GlcNAc(P<0.001), as="" well="" as="" a="" 74–126%="" increase="" in="" fas="">0.001),>P<0.05) and="" 49–95%="" increase="" in="" acc-1="">0.05)>P<0.01) expression="" above="" controls.="" it="" is="" concluded="" that="" in="" hepg2="" liver="" cells="" cultured="" under="" standard="" conditions,="" sustained="" exposure="" to="" fructose="" does="" not="" result="" in="" an="" activation="" of="" the="" hbp="" or="" increased="" lipogenic="" gene="" expression.="" should="" this="" scenario="" manifest="" in="" human="" liver="">0.01)>invivo,itwouldsuggestthathighfructoseconsumptionpromotestriglyceridesynthesisprimarilythroughitsactiontoprovidelipidprecursorcarbonandnotbyactivatinglipogenicgeneexpression.
Measurementofglucoseandfructoseinclinicalsamplesusinggaschromatography/massspectrometry.
Wahjudi,P.N.,Patterson,M.E.,Lim,S.,Yee,J.K.,Mao,C.S.&Lee,W.N.P.(2010).ClinicalBiochemistry,43(1-2),198-207.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Objective:Theimpactofincreasedfructoseconsumptiononcarbohydratemetabolismisatopicofcurrentinterest,butdeterminationofserumlevelhasbeenhinderedduetolowconcentrationandinterferencefromserumglucose.Wearereportingamethodforthequantificationofglucoseandfructoseinclinicalsamplesusinggaschromatography/massspectrometry(GC/MS).TheaccuracyandprecisionofGC/MSandanenzymaticassaywerecompared.Designandmethods:Massspectrometryfragmentationpatternsofmethyloximeperacetatederivatizedaldoseandketoseweredetermined.Uniquefragmentsforglucoseandfructosewereusedforquantitativeanalysisusingisotopelabeledrecoverystandards.Results:Methyloximeperacetatederivativesofglucoseandfructoseshowedcharacteristiclossofacetate(M-60)orketene(M-42)underchemicalionization(CI).Underelectronimpact(EI)ionization,auniqueC1–C2fragmentofglucosewasformed,whileaC1–C3fragmentwasformedfromketo-hexoses.Theseuniquefragmentswereusedinthequantitativeassayofglucoseandfructoseinclinicalsamples.Inclinicalsamples,theGC/MSassayhasalowerlimitofdetectionthanthatoftheenzymaticassay.Inplasmasamplesfrompatientsevaluatedfordiabetestheaverageserumglucoseandfructosewere6.19±2.72mMand46±25.22μM.Fructoseconcentrationsinmanyofthesesampleswerebelowthelimitofdetectionoftheenzymaticmethod.Conclusion:DerivatizationofaldoseandketosemonosaccharidestotheirrespectiveO-methyloximeacetatesforGC/MSanalysisisafacilemethodfordeterminationofserum/plasmaglucoseandfructosesamples.
PhysiologicalstudiesofLeuconostocmesenteroidesstrainNRRLB-1149duringcultivationonglucoseandfructosemedia.
Bivolarski,V.,Vasileva,T.,Shukla,R.,Goyal,A.&Iliev,I.(2012).JournalofBioScience&Biotechnology,1(3),235-240.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Glycosyltransferasesareextracellularandcell-associatedsucraseenzymesproducedmainlybylacticacidbacteriaLeuconostocmesenteroides,oralStreptococcusspeciesandalsoLactobacillusspecies.Accordingtothesynthesizedpolymer(glucanorfructan)inthepresenceofsucrose,theseenzymesaredividedintotwogroups:glucosyltransferases(GTFs)andfructosyltransferases(FTFs).OnlyStreptococcus,LactobacillusandLeuconostocstrainsareknownasproducersofbothGTFsandFTFs.TheenzymesfromLactobacillusandLeuconostocspp.areimplicatedinthesynthesisofpolymersandoligosaccharides(OS)importantforhumanhealthbecauseoftheirprebioticpropertiesandimmunomodulatingactivity.Inthepresentwork,westudiedtheproductionofextracellularandcell-associatedglycosyltransferasesbyLeuconostocmesenteroidesstrainNRRLB-1149duringitsgrowthonmediacontainingglucoseorfructoseasamaincarbonsource.Theenzymeactivities,pHandbiomassformationweremeasuredandcomparedduringthecultivation.Wehaveshownthatglucoseandfructosehavenotanequalroleforenzymeproduction.Thehighestextracellularactivitywasdetectedatthe4thhourduringthecultivationofthestraininmediumwithfructose-5.45U/mg.Whenthestrainwascultivatedinmediumwithglucose,themaximumofextracellularenzymeactivitywasdetectedatthe5thhourofthecultivationbutthemeasuredactivitywasabout9timeslowercomparedtothese,obtainedaftercultivationinfructosemedium.Thestudiedstrainproducedmainlyextracellularglycosyltransferasesinglucoseorfructosemedium,whichwere92.4%and97.1%ofthetotalenzymeactivity,respectively.Inordertocharacterizetheproducedenzymes,cell-associatedandextracellularenzymesweredeterminedusingSDS-PAGEandinsituPeriodicAcidSchiff"sstainingafterincubationwith10%sucrose.Whentheinvestigatedstrainwasgrowninmediawithsucrose,glucoseorfructose,severaltypesofglycosyltransferasesweredetected-dextransucrasewithmolecularweight180kDaandtwofructosyltransferases,correspondingto120kDaand86kDamolecularweights.
Aldosereductaseisimplicatedinhighglucose‐inducedoxidativestressinmouseembryonicneuralstemcells.
Fu,J.,Tay,S.S.W.,Ling,E.A.&Dheen,S.T.(2007).
JournalofNeuRochemistry,103(4),1654-1665.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Oxidativestresscausedbyhyperglycemiaisoneofthekeyfactorsresponsibleformaternaldiabetes-inducedcongenitalmalformations,includingneuraltubedefectsinembryos.However,mechanismsbywhichmaternaldiabetesinducesoxidativestressduringneurulationarenotclear.Thepresentstudywasaimedtoinvestigatewhetherhighglucoseinducesoxidativestressinneuralstemcells(NSCs),whichcomposetheneuraltubeduringdevelopment.WealsoinvestigatedthemechanismbywhichhighglucosedisturbsthegrowthandsurvivalofNSCsinvitro.NSCswereexposedtophysiologicalD-glucoseconcentration(PG,5mmol/L),PGwithL-glucose(25mmol/L),orhighD-glucoseconcentration(HG,30or45mmol/l).HGinducedreactiveoxygenspeciesproductionandmRNAexpressionofaldosereductase(AR),whichcatalyzestheglucosereductionthroughpolyolpathway,inNSCs.Expressionofglucosetransporter1(Glut1)mRNAandproteinwhichregulatesglucoseuptakeinNSCswasincreasedatearlystage(24h)andbecamedown-regulatedatlatestage(72h)ofexposuretoHG.InhibitionofARbyfidarestat,anARinhibitor,decreasedtheoxidativestress,restoredthecellviabilityandproliferation,andreducedapoptoticcelldeathinNSCsexposedtoHG.Moreover,inhibitionofARattenuatedthedown-regulationofGlut1expressioninNSCsexposedtoHGfor72h.TheseresultssuggestthattheactivationofpolyolpathwayplaysaroleintheinductionofoxidativestresswhichaltersGlut1expressionandcellcycleinNSCsexposedtoHG,therebyresultinginabnormalpatterningoftheneuraltubeinembryosofdiabeticpregnancy.
Immobilisedyeastgrapemustdeacidificationinarecyclefixedbedreactor.
Portugal,I.,Ribeiro,S.C.,Xavier,A.M.R.B.,Centeno,F.&Strehaiano,P.(2011).InternationalJournalofFoodScience&Technology,46(2),284-289.
LinktoArticle
ReadAbstract
Maloalcoholicfermentation(MAF)ofgrapemustbySchizosaccharomycespombeimmobilisedincalcium-alginatedouble-layerbeads(ProMalic®)wasstudiedinErlenmeyerflasksandinatotalrecyclefixed-bedreactoroperatinginbatchmode.Thereactionispseudo-firstorderwithrespecttoL-malicacidandundersimilarconditionsdeacidificationisfasterintherecyclereactor.ThiswasattributedtomasstransferlimitationswhichwereconfirmedintherecyclereactorbystudyingtheinfluenceofyeastloadontherateofMAF.Masstransferlimitationsarealsoresponsiblefortheloweractivationenergyoffermentationwiththeimmobilisedyeast(67±9kJmol-1)incomparisonwiththefreecells(126±19kJmol-1).AlcoholicfermentationandMAFwereperformedsimultaneously,bothintherecyclereactorandintheindustrialtrials,confirmingtheefficacyofimmobilisedS.pombetoreducegrapemustaciditywithoutinterferingwiththemainfermentation.Altogether,thepresentresultsareusefulforthescale-upofarecyclereactortoprocesslargevolumesofgrapemust.