TheD-Glucosetestkitcontains highpurityreagentsforthemeasurementandanalysisofD-glucoseincerealextractsandforuseincombinationwithotherMegazymekits.
Grapeandwineanalysis:Oenologiststoexploitadvancedtestkits.
Charnock,S.C.&McCleary,B.V.(2005).RevuedesEnology,117,1-5.
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Itiswithoutdoubtthattestingplaysapivotalrolethroughoutthewholeofthevinificationprocess.Toproducethebestposs
IBLequalitywineandtominimiseprocessproblemssuchas“stuck”fermentationortroublesomeinfections,itisnowrecognisedthatifpossibletestingshouldbeginpriortoharvestingofthegrapesandcontinuethroughtobottling.Tr
ADItionalmethodsofwineanalysisareoftenexpensive,timeconsuming,requireeitherelaborateequipmentorspecialistexpertiseandfrequentlylackaccuracy.However,enzymaticbio-analysisenablestheaccuratemeasurementofthevastmajorityofanalytesofinteresttothewinemaker,usingjustonepieceofapparatus,thespectrophotometer(
seepreviousissueNo.116foradetailedtechnicalreview).Grapejuiceandwineareamenabletoenzymatictestingasbeingliquidstheyarehomogenous,easytomanipulate,andcangenerallybeanalysedwithoutanysamplepreparation.
Megazyme“advanced”winetestkitsgeneralcharacteristicsandvalidation.
Charnock,S.J.,McCleary,B.V.,Daverede,C.&Gallant,P.(2006).ReveuedesOenologues,120,1-5.
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ManyoftheenzymatictestkitsareofficialmethodsofprestigiousorganisationssuchastheAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemicals(AOAC)andtheAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists(AACC)inresponsetotheinterestfromoenologists.Megazymedecidedtouseitslonghistoryofenzymaticbio-analysistomakeasignificantcontributiontothewineindustry,bythedevelopmentofarangeofadvancedenzymatictestkits.Thistaskhasnowbeensuccessfullycompletedthroughthestrategicandcomprehensiveprocessofidentifyinglimitationsofexistingenzymaticbio-analysistestkitswheretheyoccurred,andthenusingadvancedtechniques,suchasmolecular
BIOLOGy(
photo1),torapidlyovercomethem.Noveltestkitshavealsobeendevelopedforanalytesofemerginginteresttotheoenologist,suchasyeastavailablenitrogen(
YAN;seepages2-3ofissue117article),orwherepreviouslyenzymesweresimplyeithernotavailable,orweretooexpensivetoemploy,suchasforD-mannitolanalysis.
EnhancedactivityofADPglucosepyrophosphorylaseandformationofstarchinducedbyAzospirillumbrasilenseinChlorellavulgaris.
Choix.F.J.,Bashan,Y.,Mendoza,A.&de-Bashan,L.E.(2014).JournalofBiotechnology,177,22-34.
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ADP-glucosepyrophosphorylase(AGPase)regulatesstarchbiosynthesisinhigherplantsandmicroalgae.ThisstudymeasuredtheeffectofthebacteriumAzospirillumbrasilenseonAGPaseactivityinthefreshwatermicroalgaChlorellavulgarisandformationofstarch.Thiswasdonebyimmobilizingbothmicroorganismsinalginatebeads,eitherrepletewithordeprivedofnitrogenorphosphorusandallunderheterotrophicconditions,usingD-glucoseorNa-acetateasthecarbonsource.AGPaseactivityduringthefirst72hofincubationwashigherinC.vulgariswhenimmobilizedwithA.brasilense.Thishappenedsimultaneouslywithhigherstarchaccumulationandhighercarbonuptakebythemicroalgae.Eithercarbonsourcehadsimilareffectsonenzymeactivityandstarchaccumulation.StarvationeitherbyNorPhadthesamepatternonAGPaseactivityandstarchaccumulation.Underrepleteconditions,thepopulationofC.vulgarisimmobilizedalonewashigherthanwhenimmobilizedtogether,butunderstarvationconditionsA.brasilenseinducedalargerpopulationofC.vulgaris.Insummary,addingA.brasilenseenhancedAGPaseactivity,starchformation,andmitigationofstressinC.vulgaris.
Invitrohypoglycemiceffectsofdifferentinsolublefiber-richfractionspreparedfromthepeelofCitrussinensisL.cv.Liucheng
Chau,C.F.,Huang,Y.L.&Lee,M.H.(2003).JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry,51(22),6623-6626.
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Insolublefiber-richfractions(FRFs),includinginsolubledietaryfiber,alcohol-insolublesolid,andwater-insolublesolid,wereisolatedfromthepeelofCitrussinensisL.cv.Liucheng.WefoundthatthesethreeFRFscouldeffectivelyadsorbglucose,retardglucosediffusion,andinhibittheactivityofα-amylasetodifferentextents.Thesemechanismsmightcreateaconcertedbenefitindecreasingtherateofglucoseabsorptionandeventuallylowertheconcentrationofpostprandialserumglucose.ThepotentialhypoglycemiceffectsoftheseFRFssuggestedthattheycouldbeincorporatedaslow-caloriebulkingredientsinhigh-fiberfoodstoreducecalorielevelandcontrolbloodglucoselevel.
Dietaryfibersfrommushroomsclerotia:3.InvitrofermentABIlityusinghumanfecalmicroflora.
Wong,K.H.,Wong,K.Y.,Kwan,H.S.&Cheung,P.C.K.(2005).JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry,53(24),9407-9412.
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Theinvitrofermentabilityofthreenoveldietaryfibers(DFs)preparedfrommushroomsclerotia,namely,Pleurotustuber-regium,Polyporousrhinocerus,andWolfiporiacocos,wasinvestigatedandcomparedwiththatofthecellulosecontrol.AllDFsamples(0.5geach)werefermentedinvitrowithahumanfecalhomogenate(10mL)inabatchsystem(totalvolume,50mL)understrictlyanaerobicconditions(usingoxygenreducingenzymeandunderargonatmosphere)at37°Cfor24h.AllthreenovelsclerotialDFsexhibitednotablyhigherdrymatterdisappearance(P.tuber-regium,8.56%;P.rhinocerus,13.5%;andW.cocos,53.4%)andorganicmatterdisappearance(P.tuber-regium,9.82%;P.rhinocerus,14.6%;andW.cocos,57.4%)whencomparedwiththoseofthecellulosecontrol.Nevertheless,onlytheW.cocosDFwasremarkablydegradedtoproduceconsiderableamountsoftotalshortchainfattyacids(SCFAs)(5.23mmol/gDFonorganicmatterbasis,witharelativelyhighermolarratioofpropionate)thatloweredthepHofitsnonfermentedresiduetoaslightlyacidiclevel(5.89).VariationsontheinvitrofermentabilityamongthethreesclerotialDFsmightmainlybeattributedtotheirdifferentamountsofinterwovenhyphaepresent(differentamountsofenzymeinaccessiblecellwallcomponents)aswellasthepossibledifferentstructuralarrangement(linkageanddegreeofbranching)oftheirβ-glucans.
Potentialhypoglycaemiceffectsofinsolublefibresisolatedfromfoxtailmillets[Setariaitalica(L.)P.Beauvois].
Bangoura,M.L.,Nsor‐Atindana,J.,Zhu,K.,Tolno,M.B.,Zhou,H.&Wei,P.(2013).InternationalJournalofFoodScience&Technology,48(3),496-502.
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Insolublefibreswereisolatedfromthetwovarietiesoffoxtailmillet(whiteandyellow)grainsandevaluatedfortheirhypoglycaemiceffectsbyinvitrostudies.Thehypoglycaemiceffectsofthesefibreswerecomparedwiththoseofcommercialsoyinsolublefibre.Theresultsrevealedthatminimumandmaximumamountsofglucosewereadsorbedoneachsampleat10and200μmolg-1glucoseconcentrationsrespectively,indicatingthattheglucoseadsorptioncapacity(GAC)ofthefibrematerialswasproportionaltoglucoseconcentrationforallsamples.Therewassignificant(P<0.05)=""difference=""among=""all=""the=""fibre=""materials=""in=""relation=""to=""their=""gac=""values.=""in=""the=""case=""of=""the=""effects=""of=""the=""fibres=""on=""glucose=""diffusion,=""the=""millets"=""insoluble=""fibres=""performed=""better=""than=""that=""of=""the=""commercial=""soy=""insoluble=""fibres.=""the=""glucose=""dialysis=""retardation=""indexes=""at=""the=""end=""of=""the=""maximum=""dialysis=""time=""were=""1.1%,=""27.4%=""and=""22.6%=""for=""soy=""bean=""insoluble=""fibre,=""white=""foxtail=""millet=""insoluble=""fibre=""and=""yellow=""foxtail=""millet=""insoluble=""fibre=""in=""that=""order.=""the=""study=""showed=""that=""hypoglycaemic=""effects=""of=""yellow=""and=""white=""foxtail=""millet=""fibres=""were=""comparable=""to=""the=""commercial=""soy=""insoluble=""fibre.="">
Ahigh-throughputplatformforscreeningmilligramquantitiesofplantbiomassforlignocellulosedigestibility.
Santoro,N.,Cantu,S.L.,Tornqvist,C.E.,Falbel,T.G.,Bolivar,J.L.,Patterson,S.E.,Pauly,M.&Walton,J.D.(2010).BioEnergyResearch,3(1),93-102.
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Thedevelopmentofaviablelignocellulosicethanolindustryrequiresmultipleimprovementsintheprocessofconvertingbiomasstoethanol.Akeystepistheimprovementoftheplantsthataretobeusedasbiomassfeedstocks.Tofacilitatetheidentificationandevaluationoffeedstockplants,itwouldbeusefultohaveamethodtoscreenlargenumbersofindividualplantsforenhanceddigestibilityinresponsetocombinationsofspecificpretreatmentsandenzymes.Thispaperdescribesahigh-throughputdigestibilityplatform(HTDP)forscreeningcollectionsofgermplasmforimproveddigestibility,whichwasdevelopedunderthea
USPicesoftheDepartmentofEnergy-GreatLakesBioenergyResearchCenter(DOE-GLBRC).Akeycomponentofthisplatformisacustom-designedworkstationthatcangrindanddispense1–5mgquantitiesofmorethan250differentplanttissuesamplesin16h.Theotherstepsintheprocessing(pretreatment,enzymedigestion,andsugaranalysis)havealsobeenlargelyautomatedandrequire36h.Theprocessisadaptabletodiverseacidicandbasic,low-temperaturepretreatments.TotalthroughputoftheHTDPis972independentbiomasssamplesperweek.Validationoftheplatformwasperformedon
brownmidribmutantsofmaize,whichareknowntohaveenhanceddigestibility.Additionalvalidationwasperformedbyscreeningapproximately1,200
ArabidopsismutantlineswithT-DNAinsertionsingenesknownorsuspectedtobeinvolvedincellwallbiosynthesis.Severallinesshowedhighlysignificant(
p < 0.01)increases=""in=""glucose=""and=""xylose=""release=""(20–40%=""above=""the=""mean).=""the=""platform=""should=""be=""useful=""for=""screening=""populations=""of=""plants=""to=""identify=""superior=""germplasm=""for=""lignocellulosic=""ethanol=""applications=""and=""also=""for=""screening=""populations=""of=""mutant=""model=""plants=""to=""identify=""specific=""genes=""affecting=""digestibility.=""> 0.01)>
Effectsofgammairradiationonstarchdigestibilityofricewithdifferentresistantstarchcontent.
Shu,X.,Xu,J.,Wang,Y.,Rasmussen,S.K.&Wu,D.(2013).InternationalJournalofFoodScience&Technology,48(1),35-43.
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Threericecultivars(RS3M,RS4HandRS5L)differinginresistantstarchcontentsbutsimilaringeneticbackgroundwerechosentostudytheeffectsofgammairradiationonstarchphysicochemicalpropertiesanddigestibility.Irradiationincreasestheresistantstarchcontentinallthethreecultivarsandinadose-dependentmannerinricewithlow-resistantstarchcontent(RS5L).Irradiationdecreasesapparentamylosecontentandgelatinisationtemperatureandchangedthestarchgranulestructure,whileincreasingV-typecrystallinity.Starchenzymatichydrolysisratewasreducedfollowingirradiation,andtheeffectofirradiationonreducingstarchdigestibilitywasnegativelycorrelatedwithresistantstarchcontent.Treatmentwithgammairradiationhasthereforeapotentialforincreasingresistantstarchcontentandproducinglowdigestibilityofstarchincommonrice.
Anatomical,chemical,andbiochemicalcharacterizationofcladodesfrompricklypear[Opuntiaficus-indica(L.)Mill.].
Ginestra,G.,Parker,M.L.,Bennett,R.N.,Robertson,J.,Mandalari,G.,Narbad,A.,LoCurto,R.B.,Bisignano,G.,Faulds,C.B.&Waldron,K.W.(2009).JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry,57(21),10323-10330.
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Opuntiaficus-indicacladodesrepresentthegreenstemoftheplantandaregenerallyusedasanimalfeedordisposedofinlandfills.ThepresentworkinvestigatedtheanatomicalandchemicalcompositionofOpuntiacladodes,whichformthebasisoftheirpharmacologicaleffects.GlucoseandgalacturonicacidwerethemainsugarsofOpuntiacladodes,whereashigh-performanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)analysisshowedthepresenceofmainlykaempherolandisorhamnetinglycosides(glucosideandrhamnoside).Thepresenceofhighamountsofcalciumoxalatecrystalswasdemonstratedbylightmicroscopyonfreshandlyophilizedcladodes.Noantimicrobialactivitywasobservedevenafterenzymatictreatment.O.ficus-indicacladodesmayretainmaterialtightlyassociatedwithcell-wallcomponents,andthispropertywillhavethepotentialtogreatlyreducethebioavailabilityofbioactivecompounds.
Structureanddigestibilityofendospermwater-solubleα-glucansfromdifferentsugarymaizemutants.
Miao,M.,Li,R.,Jiang,B.,Cui,S.W.,Lu,K.&Zhang,T.(2014).FoodChemistry,143,156-162.
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Thestructureanddigestibilityofendospermwater-solubleα-glucansfromdifferentsugary-1maizemutants(Zhongtian8#,Zhongtian2#andPintian8#)wereinvestigated.Theyieldofpureglucanwasintherangeof25.91–34.38%.Theα-glucanbelongedtoatypicalnativenano-scaleparticleandtheaverageparticlesizewasinthefollowingorder:Zhongtian8#>Pintian8#>Zhongtian2#.Theweight-averagemolarmassofglucansrangedfrom1.69to2.08×107g/mol.Thebranchdensitiesandα-1,6linkagesofZhongtian8#,Zhongtian2#andPintian8#,were8.60%,8.77%and9.51%,7.71%,6.58%and6.81%,respectively.Theresistantstarch(10.06%)ofPintian8#waslowerthanothertwocultivars.Thestudyshowedthatwater-solubleglucanexhibitedα-1,4-linkedbackbonewithα-1,6branchsitesanddigestibilitywasinfluencedbygranulesize,ratioofα-1,4toα-1,6linkages,molecularfinestructureinthissetofsugarymaizemutants.
Enhancedaccumulationofstarchandtotalcarbohydratesinalginate-immobilizedChlorellaspp.inducedbyAzospirillumbrasilense:II.Heterotrophicconditions.
Choix,F.J.,de-Bashan,L.E.&Bashan,Y.(2012).EnzymeandMicrobialTechnology,51(5),300-309.
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TheeffectofthebacteriumAzospirillumbrasilensejointlyimmobilizedwithChlorellavulgarisorC.sorokinianainalginatebeadsontotalcarbohydratesandstarchwasstudiedunderdarkandheterotrophicconditionsfor144hinsyntheticgrowthmediumsupplementedwitheitherD-glucoseorNa-acetateascarbonsources.Inalltreatments,enhancedtotalcarbohydratesandstarchcontentpercultureandpercellwasobtainedafter24h;onlyjointlyimmobilizedC.vulgarisgrowingonD-glucosesignificantlyincreasedtotalcarbohydratesandstarchcontentafter96h.Enhancedaccumulationofcarbohydrateandstarchunderjointlyimmobilizedconditionswasvariablewithtimeofsamplingandsubstrateused.Similarresultsoccurredwhenthemicroalgaewasimmobilizedalone.Inbothmicroalgaegrowingoneithercarbonsources,thebacteriumpromotedaccumulationofcarbohydratesandstarch;whenthemicroalgaewereimmobilizedalone,theyusedthecarbonsourcesforcellmultiplication.InjointlyimmobilizedconditionswithChlorellaspp.,affinitytocarbonsourceandvolumetricproductivityandyieldwerehigherthanwhenChlorellaspp.wereimmobilizedalone;however,thegrowthratewashigherinmicroalgaeimmobilizedalone.Thisstudydemonstratesthatunderheterotrophicconditions,A.brasilensepromotestheaccumulationofcarbohydratesintwostrainsChlorellaspp.undercertaintime–substratecombinations,producingmainlystarch.Assuch,thisbacteriumisabiologicalfactorthatcanchangethecompositionofcompoundsinmicroalgaeindark,heterotrophicconditions.
Invitrostarchdigestibility,estimatedglycemicindexandantioxidantpotentialofTaro(ColocasiaesculentaL.Schott)corm.
Simsek,S.&El,S.N.(2015).FoodChemistry,168,257-261.
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Thepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminesomefunctionalpropertiesoftaro(ColocasiaesculentaL.Schott)corm,whichcanbeagoodalternativetotheotherdietarycarbohydratesourceswithitshighstarchcontent.Thetotalphenolicandflavonoidcontentoftarocormwasfoundas205±53mgCAE/100gand61±9mgCAE/100g,respectively.Theantioxidantcapacityofcormwasdeterminedas452±72mMTEAC/100gand244±73mMTEAC/100g,bythescavengingactivityagainstABTSandDPPHradicals,respectively.Thefreeglucosecontentofcormswaslessthan1%,whereasthe60%ofdrymatterwascomposedofstarch.Accordingtotheresults,thetarocorms’starchwashighlydigestibleandhigherthanthe50%ofthestarchwascomposedofrapidlydigestiblestarch(RDS)fractions.Theestimatedglycemicindex(eGI)oftarocormwas63.1±2.5,indicatingtarocormasamediumGIfoodandagooddietarycarbohydratealternativeespeciallyfordiabeticpeople.
Hydrothermaltreatmentofoleaginousyeastfortherecoveryoffreefattyacidsforuseinadvancedbiofuelproduction.
Espinosa-Gonzalez,I.,Parashar,A.&Bressler,D.C.(2014).JournalofBiotechnology,187,10-15.
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Microbialoilsholdgreatpotentialasasuitablefeedstockfortherenewableproductionofbiofuels.Specifically,theuseofoleaginousyeastsoffersseveraladvantagesrelatedtocultivationandqualityoflipidproducts.However,oneofthemajorbottlenecksforlarge-scaleproductionofyeastoilsisfoundinthelipidextractionprocess.Thisworkinvestigatedthehydrothermaltreatmentofoleaginousyeastforhydrolysisandlipidextractionresultinginfattyacidsusedforbiofuelproduction.Theoleaginousyeast,Cryptococcuscurvatus,wasgrownin5Lbioreactorsandthebiomassslurrywith53±4%lipidcontent(dryweightbasis)wastreatedat280°Cfor1hwithinitialpressure500psiinbatchstainlesssteelreactors.Thehydrolysisproductwasseparatedandeachoftheresultingstreamswasfurthercharacterized.Thehexanesolublefractioncontainedfattyacidsfromthehydrolysisofyeasttriacylglycerides,andwaslowinnitrogenandmineralsandcouldbedirectlyintegratedasfeedstockintopyrolysisprocessingtoproducebiofuels.Theproposedhydrothermaltreatmentaddressessomecurrenttechnologicalbottlenecksassociatedwithtraditionalmethodologiessuchasdewatering,oilextractionandco-productutilization.Italsoenhancesthefeasibilityofusingmicrobialbiomassforproductionofrenewablefuelsandchemicals.
EffectsofheattreatmentandmoisturecontentsoninteractionsbetweenLauricacidandstarchgranules.
Chang,F.,He,X.,Fu,X.,Huang,Q.&Jane,J.L.(2014).JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry,62(31),7862-7868.
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Thisstudyaimedtounderstandtheeffectsofthemoisturecontentofgranularnormalcornstarch(NC),heattreatmentat80°C,andorderofaddinglauricacid(LA)tostarchbeforeoraftertheheattreatmentonthephysicochemicalpropertiesanddigestibilityofthestarch.LAwasaddedtoNCpriorityheatedwithdifferentmoisturecontents(10,20,30,40,and50%)oraddedtodriedNCandthenheatedwithdifferentmoisturecontents.Thehydrothermal/LAtreatmentsincreasedthepastingtemperaturebutdecreasedthepeakviscosityoftheNC.LightandscanningelectronmicroscopyrevealedthattheadditionofLAretardedgelatinization.Thehydrothermal/LAtreatmentschangedtheX-raypatternoftheNCtoamixtureofA-andV-typepatterns.Thethermalpropertyanddigestibilityanalysisshowedthat40%wastheoptimummoisturecontentfortheformationoftheamylose–LAcomplexandaddingLApriortoheatingtheNCfavoredtheformationofslowlydigestiblestarch.