TheFructantestkitissuitablefor thespecificmeasurementandanalysisoffructaninplantextractsandfoodproductscontainingstarch,sucroseandothersugars.
Measurementoftotalstarchincerealproductsbyamyloglucosidase-alpha-amylasemethod:collaborativestudy.
McCleary,B.V.,Gibson,T.S.&Mugford,D.C.(1997).JournalofAOACInternational,80,571-579.
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AnAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists/AOACcollaborativestudywasconductedtoevaluatetheaccuracyandreli
ABIlityofanenzymeassaykitprocedureformeasurementoftotalstarchinarangeofcerealgrainsandproducts.Thefloursampleisincubatedat95degreesCwith
Thermostablealpha-amylasetocatalyzethehydrolysisofstarchtomaltodextrins,thepHoftheslurryisadjusted,andtheslurryistreatedwithahighlypurifiedamyloglucosidasetoquantitativelyhydrolyzethedextrinstoglucose.Glucoseismeasuredwithglucoseoxidase-peroxidasereagent.Thirty-twocollaboratorsweresent16homogeneoustestsamplesas8blindduplicates.Thesesamplesincludedchickenfeedpellets,whitebread,greenpeas,high-amylosemaizestarch,whitewheatflour,wheatstarch,oatbran,andspaghetti.Allsampleswereanalyzedbythestandardprocedureasdetailedabove;4samples(high-amylosemaizestarchandwheatstarch)werealsoanalyzedbyamethodthatrequiresthesamplestobecookedfirstindimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).Relativestandarddeviationsforrepeatability(RSD(r))rangedfrom2.1to3.9%,andrelativestandarddeviationsforreproducibility(RSD(R))rangedfrom2.9to5.7%.TheRSD(R)valueforhighamylosemaizestarchanalyzedbythestandard(non-DMSO)procedurewas5.7%;thevaluewasreducedto2.9%whentheDMSOprocedurewasused,andthedeterminedstarchvaluesincreasedfrom86.9to97.2%.
Measurementoftotalfructaninfoodsbyenzymatic/spectrophotometricmethod:Collaborativestudy.
McCleary,B.V.,Murphy,A.&Mugford,D.C.(2000).JournalofAOACInternational,83(2),356-364.
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AnAOACcollaborativestudywasconductedtoevaluatetheaccuracyandreliabilityofanenzymeassaykitprocedureformeasuringoligofructansandfructanpolysaccharide(inulins)inmixedmaterialsandfoodproducts.Thesampleisextractedwithhotwater,andanaliquotistreatedwithamixtureofsucrase(aspecificsucrose-degr
ADIngenzyme),α-amylase,pullulanase,andmaltasetohydrolyzesucrosetoglucoseandfructose,andstarchtoglucose.Thesereducingsugarsarethenreducedtosugaralcoholsbytreatmentwithalkalineborohydridesolution.Thesolutionisneutralized,andexcessborohydrideisremovedwithdiluteaceticacid.Thefructanishydrolyzedtofructoseandglucoseusingamixtureofpurified
exo-and
endo-inulinanases(fructanasemixture).Thereducingsugarsproduced(fructoseandglucose)aremeasuredwithaspectrophotometerafterreactionwith
para-hydroxybenzoicacidhydrazide.Thesamplesanalyzedincludedpurefructan,chocolate,low-fatspread,milkpowder,vitamintablets,onionpowder,Jerusalemartichokeflour,wheatstalks,andasucrose/cellulosecontrolflour.Repeatabilityrelativestandarddeviationsrangedfrom2.3to7.3%;reproducibilityrelativestandarddeviationsrangedfrom5.0to10.8%.
Measurementofcarbohydratesingrain,feedandfood.
McCleary,B.V.,Charnock,S.J.,Rossiter,P.C.,O’Shea,M.F.,Power,A.M.&Lloyd,R.M.(2006).JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture,86(11),1648-1661.
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Proceduresforthemeasurementofstarch,starchdamage(gelatinisedstarch),resistantstarchandtheamylose/amylopectincontentofstarch,β-glucan,fructan,glucomannanandgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharides(raffinose,stachyoseandverbascose)inplantmaterial,animalfeedsandfoodsaredescribed.Mostofthesemethodshavebeensuccessfullysubjectedtointerlaboratoryevaluation.Allmethodsarebasedontheuseofenzymeseitherpurifiedbyconventionalchromatographyorproducedusingmolecular
BIOLOGytechniques.Suchmethodsallowspecific,accurateandreliablequantificationofaparticularcomponent.Problemsincalculatingtheactualweightofgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharidesintestsamplesarediscussedindetail.
Physical,microscopicandchemicalcharacterisationofindustrialryeandwheatbransfromtheNordiccountries.
Kamal-Eldin,A.,Lærke,H.N.,Knudsen,K.E.B.,Lampi,A.M.,Piironen,V.,Adlercreutz,H.,Katina,K.,Poutanen,K.&Aman,P.(2009).Food&NutritionResearch,53.
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Background:Epidemiologicalstudiesshowinverserelationshipbetweenintakeofwholegraincerealsandseveralchronicdiseases.Componentsandmechanismsbehindposs
IBLeprotectiveeffectsofwholegraincerealsarepoorlyunderstood.
Objective:Tocharacterisecommercialryebranpreparations,comparedtowheatbran,regardingstructureandcontentofnutrientsaswellasanumberofpresumablybioactivecompounds.
Design:SixdifferentryebransfromSweden,DenmarkandFinlandwereanalysedandcomparedwithtwowheatbransregardingcolour,particlesizedistribution,microscopicstructuresandchemicalcompositionincludingproximalcomponents,vitamins,mineralsandbioactivecompounds.
Results:Ryebransweregenerallygreenerincolourandsmallerinparticlesizethanwheatbrans.Theryebransvariedconsiderablyintheirstarchcontent(13.2–28.3%),whichreflectedvariableinclusionofthestarchyendosperm.Althoughryeandwheatbranscontainedcomparablelevelsoftotaldietaryfibre,theydifferedintherelativeproportionsoffibrecomponents(i.e.arabinoxylan,β-glucan,cellulose,fructanandKlasonlignin).Generally,ryebranscontainedlesscelluloseandmoreβ-glucanandfructanthanwheatbrans.Withinsmallvariations,theryeandwheatbranswerecomparableregardingthecontentsoftocopherols/tocotrienols,totalfolate,sterols/stanols,phenolicacidsandlignans.Ryebranhadlessglycinebetaineandmorealkylresorcinolsthanwheatbrans.
Conclusions:Theobservedvariationinthechemicalcompositionofindustriallyproducedryebranscallsfortheneedofstandardisationofthiscommodity,especiallywhenusedasafunctionalingredientinfoods.
Waxyendospermaccompaniesincreasedfatandsaccharidecontentsinbreadwheat(Triticumaestivum)grain.
Yasui,T.&Ashida,K.(2011).JournalofCerealScience,53(1),104-111.
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Thecontentsoffat,starch,pentosan,fructan,β-glucanandseveralmono-andoligosaccharidesingrainwereevaluatedtofindoutthepossibleeffectsoftheWx-D1geneofbreadwheatusingtwosetsofnear-isogenicwaxyandnon-waxylinesandtwolow-amylosemutantlineswithacommongeneticbackgroundofKanto107.Thesematerialshavetwonon-functionalWx-A1bandWx-B1ballelesincommon.Waxynear-isogeniclineswithanon-functionalWx-D1dalleleshowedconsistentlyincreasedcontentsoffat,totalfructan,β-glucan,glucose,fructose,sucrose,1-kestose,6-kestose,neokestose,nystoseandbifurcosecomparedwithnon-waxylineswithafunctionalWx-D1aallelethroughoutthreegrowing/harvestseasons.StarchandtotalpentosancontentswereinconsistentlyinfluencedbytheallelicstatusoftheWx-D1locus,whilewater-solublepentosanandraffinosecontentswerenotaffected.Thecompositionalchangesofalow-amylosemutantlinewithanalmostnon-functionalWx-D1fallelewerecloselysimilartothoseofwaxynear-isogeniclines,whilesignificantlydifferentchangeswerebarelyobservedinanotherlow-amylosemutantlinewithapartlyfunctionalWx-D1galleleintwoseasons.TheseresultsshowedthattheWx-D1genehaspleiotropiceffectsonthefatandsaccharidecontentsofbreadwheatgrain.
Characterizationandinvitroimmunomodulatoryscreeningoffructo-oligosaccharidesofAsparagusracemosusWilld.
Thakur,M.,Connellan,P.,Deseo,M.A.,Morris,C.,Praznik,W.,Loeppert,R.&Dixit,V.K.(2012).InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules,50(1),77-81.
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AsparagusracemosusLinn.(Fam.Liliaceae)isanethno-pharmacologicallyacclaimedAyurvedicmedicinalplant.Inthepresentstudy,aqueousextractofA.racemosus(ARC)wasfractionatedandscreenedforthepolysaccharidefraction(ARP).Thecharacterizationwasdonebyenzymatic,SizeExclusion,gaschromatographywithflameionizationdetector(GC–FID),highpressureanionexchangechromatography(HPAEC)andthinlayerchromatographicanalyses.Phyto-chemicalevaluationconfirmedthepresenceof26.7%of2→1linkedfructo-oligosaccharides(FOS).Theyhaveadegreeofpolymerization(DP)ofnearly7–8.CytotoxicityevaluationonP388celllineswasconsistentwithlowcytotoxicityoftheextracts.InvitroNaturalKiller(NK)cellactivitywasevaluatedusinghumanperipheralbloodmononuclearcells(PBMC)isolatedfromwholebloodonaficoll-hypaquedensitygradient.K562amyeloidleukemiacellline,wereusedastargetcells.ARC,testedovertherange0.2–50μg/ml,showedadose-relatedstimulationofNKcellactivitywithapeakincreaseof16.9±4.4%at5.6μg/ml.However,ARPdemonstratedahigherstimulatoryactivityof51.8±1.2%at25μg/ml.TheresultsindicatethattheFOSfromA.racemosuspotentiatestheNKcellactivityandthiscouldbeanimportantmechanismunderpinningthe‘Rasayana’propertiesofthisplant.
Steam‐girdlingofbarley(Hordeumvulgare)leavesleadstocarbohydrateaccumulationandacceleratedleafsenescence,facilitatingtranscriptomicanalysisofsenescence‐associatedgenes.
Parrott,D.L.,McInnerney,K.,Feller,U.&Fischer,A.M.(2007).NewPhytologist,176(1),56-69.
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• Leafsenescencecanbedescribedasthedismantlingofcellularcomponentsduringaspecifictimeintervalbeforecelldeath.ThishastheeffectofremobilizingNintheformofaminoacidsthatcanberelocalizedtodevelopingseeds.Highlevelsofcarbohydrateshavepreviouslybeenshowntopromotetheonsetofthesenescenceprocess.• Carbohydrateaccumulationinbarley(
Hordeumvulgare)plantswasinducedexperimentallybysteam-girdlingattheleafbase,occludingthephloem,andgeneregulationundertheseconditionswasinvestigatedusingthe
AffymetrixBarleyGeneChiparrayandquantitativereal-timereversetranscriptasepolymerasechainreaction(qRT-PCR).• Transcriptlevelsofplastidial(aminopeptidases,cnd41)andvacuolar(thiolandserine)proteasesclearlyincreaseingirdledleaves.Ofspecialinterestarecnd41,aplastidialaspartylpeptidasethathasbeenimplicatedinRubiscodegradationintobacco;andcp-mIII,ahighlyupregulatedcarboxypeptidase.
SAG12,hexokinasesandothersenescence-specificgenesarealsoupregulatedundertheseconditions.• Applyingagenomicapproachtotheinnovativeexperimentalsystemdescribedheresignificantlyenhancesourknowledgeofleafproteolysisandwhole-plantNrecycling.
ContentsofdietaryfibrecomponentsandtheirrelationtoassociatedbioactivecomponentsinwholegrainwheatsamplesfromtheHEALTHGRAINdiversityScreen.
Andersson,A.A.M.,Andersson,R.,Piironen,V.,Lampi,A.M.,Nyström,L.,Boros,D.,Fraś,A.,Gebruers,K.,Courtin,C.M.,Delcour,J.A.,Rakszegi,M.,Bedo,Z.,Ward,J.L.,Shewry,P.R.&man,P.(2013).FoodChemistry,136(3-4),1243-1248.
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Alargeanddiversematerialcollectionofwholegrainwheatsamples(n=129)wasanalysedfortotaldietaryfibre(TDF)contentandcomposition,includingfructan(11.5–15.5%).Correlationsbetweenthedietaryfibrecomponents,associatedbioactivecomponents(e.g.tocols,sterols,phenolicacidsandfolates)andagronomicpropertiespreviouslydeterminedonthesamesampleswerefoundwithmultivariateanalysis(PCA).Samplesfromthesamecountrieshadsimilarcharacteristics.ThefirstPCdescribedvariationincomponentsconcentratedinthestarchyendosperm(e.g.starch,β-glucanandfructan)andthedietaryfibrecomponentsconcentratedinthebran(e.g.TDF,arabinoxylanandcellulose).ThesecondPCdescribedthevariationinkernelweightandotherbrancomponentssuchasalkylresorcinols,tocolsandsterols.Interestingly,therewasnocorrelationamongthesedifferentgroupsofbrancomponents,whichreflectedtheirconcentrationindifferentbrantissues.Theresultsareofimportanceforplantbreederswhowishtodevelopvarietieswithhealth-promotingeffects.
Distributionandcharacterisationoffructaninwheatmillingfractions.
Haskå,L.,Nyman,M.&Andersson,R.(2008).JournalofCerealScience,48(3),768-774.
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Structureandhealtheffectsofinulin-typefructanshavebeenextensivelystudied,whilelessisknownaboutthepropertiesofthegraminan-typefructansinwheat.Arabinoxylan(AX)isanotherimportantindigestiblecomponentincerealgrains,whichmayhavebeneficialhealtheffects.Inthisstudy,thefructancontentinmillingfractionsoftwowheatcultivarswasdeterminedandrelatedtoash,dietaryfibreandAXcontents.ThemolecularweightdistributionofthefructanswasanalysedwithHPAEC-PADandMALDI-TOFMSusing1HNMRandenzymatichydrolysisforidentificationoffructans.Thefructancontent(g/100g)rangedfrom1.5±0.2inflourto3.6±0.5inshortsand3.7±0.3inbran.Acorrelationwasfoundbetweenfructancontentanddietaryfibrecontent(r=0.93,P<0.001),=""but=""with=""a=""smaller=""variation=""in=""fructan=""content=""between=""inner=""and=""outer=""parts=""of=""the=""grain.=""about=""50%=""of=""the=""dietary=""fibre=""consisted=""of=""ax=""in=""all=""fractions.=""the=""fructans=""were=""found=""to=""have=""a=""dp=""of=""up=""to=""19=""with=""a=""similar=""molecular=""weight=""distribution=""in=""the=""different=""fractions.="">
Comparisonofacolorimetricandahigh‐performanceliquidchromatographymethodforthedeterminationoffructaninpasturegrassesforhorses.
Longland,A.C.,Dhanoa,M.S.&Harris,P.A.(2012).JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture,92(9),1878-1885.
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BACKGROUND:Pasture(freshorconservedashay/haylage)formsthebasisofmostequiddietsandcontainsvaryingamounts(0to≥200gkg-1drymatter(DM)ormore)offructans.Over-consumptionoffructanisassociatedwiththeonsetoflaminitisinequids,anagonizingconditionthatmaynecessitateeuthanasia.Toenableappropriatedietarymanagementofanimalssusceptibletolaminitis,itisessentialthatfructanscanbeproperlyquantifiedinfreshandconservedpasture.Forresearchpurposes,fructansarefrequentlyquantifiedbyhigh-performanceliquidchromatography(HPLC),butthesemethodsarecostlyforroutinescreening.However,aninexpensivecolorimetricmethodformeasuringfructansinhumanfoodsiscommerciallyavailable.Theaimherewastodeterminethesuitabilityofthecommerciallyavailablecolorimetricmethodfordeterminingthefructancontentofpasturegrassesforhorses.RESULTS:Pasturegrasses(Phleumpretense,Festucarubra,Dactylisglomerata,Loliumperenne)managedforgrazing(sampledfromApriltoNovember)andafurthersetmanagedforconservation(sampledinJuly)wereanalysedforfructancontentbyHPLCandthecolorimetrictechnique.HPLCvaluesrangedfrom83to299gfructankg-1DM(mean154);correspondingcolorimetricvalueswere5-238gfructankg-1DM(mean82).Discrepanciesinvaluesbetweenthetwomethodsvariedwithtimeofsamplingandplantspecies.Comparisonofselectedsamplesbeforeandafterincubationwiththefructanhydrolasesusedinthecolorimetricmethodrevealedincompletefructanhydrolysisfromthepasturegrasses,resultinginunderestimatesoftheirfructancontent.CONCLUSION:ThecolorimetrictechniquewasnotareliablesubstituteforHPLCtoquantifythefructancontentofpasturegrasses.
RelationshipofGrainFructanContenttoDegreeofPolymerisationinDifferentBarleys.
Nemeth,C.,Andersson,A.A.M.,Andersson,R.,Mangelsen,E.,Sun,C.&Åman,P.(2014).FoodandNutritionSciences,2014,5(6),581-589.
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Fructansareimportantinthesurvivalofplantsandalsovaluableforhumansaspotentiallyhealthpromotingfoodingredients.Inthisstudyfructancontentandcompositionweredeterminedingrainsof20barleybreedinglinesandcultivarswithawidevariationinchemicalcomposition,morphologyandcountryoforigin,grownatonesiteinChile.Therewassignificantgenotypicvariationingrainfructancontentrangingfrom0.9%to4.2%ofgraindryweight.Fructandegreeofpolymerisation(DP)wasanalysedusinghigh-performanceanion-exchangechromatographywithpulsedamperometricdetection(HPAEC-PAD).Changesinthedistributionofdifferentchainlengthsandthepatternofstructuresoffructanweredetectedwithincreasingamountoffructaninthedifferentbarleys.Apositivecorrelationwasfoundbetweenfructancontentandtherelativeamountoflongchainfructan(DP>9)(r=0.54,p=0.021).Ourresultsprovideabasisforselectingpromisingbarleylinesandcultivarsforfurtherresearchonfructaninbarleybreedingwiththeaimtoproducehealthyfoodproducts.
Chainlengthofinulinaffectsitsdegradationandthemicrobiotainthegastrointestinaltractofweanedpigletsafterashort-termdietaryapplication.
Paßlack,N.,Al-Samman,M.,Vahjen,W.,Männer,K.&Zentek,J.(2012).LivestockScience,149(1-2),128-136.
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Dietaryinulincanaffectthecompositionandmetabolicactivityofthegastrointestinalmicrobiotainpiglets.Toinvestigatewhetherthechainlengthofinulinmayinfluenceitsstabilityinthegutandthebacterialcommunity,18weanedpigletswerehoused2percage,with1femaleand1castratedmaleanimaleach.Thepigletsreceivedacontroldietwithoutorwith4%inulin,definedbyanaveragedegreeofpolymerisation(DP)of31(short-chain,I31)or57(long-chain,I57),with6piglets/diet.Afterashortfeedingperiodof6d,fructanconcentrations,selectedbacterialgroups,lacticacid,short-chainfattyacidconcentrations,andthepHweredeterminedinthedigestaofdifferentsegmentsofthegastrointestinaltract.TheresultsindicatedthatdifferencesinthemicrobialdegradationofinulinweredependingontheDP.Comparedtotheshort-chaininulin,theconcentrationsofthelong-chaininulinwerenumericallygreaterinthesmallintestineandcaecum,andgreaterinthedigestaoftheascendingcolon.Differenceswerealsoobservedinthebacterialcompositionofthedigesta,showinggreatercellnumbersofenterococci(P=0.029),bifidobacteria(P=0.029),andLactobacillusmucosae(P=0.028)intheileumingroupI57comparedtogroupI31.However,mostbacteriatendedtobenumericallyreducedintheileumingroupI31comparedtobothcontrolandI57groups.Minoreffectswereobservedintheascendingcolon:L.reuteriandL.amylovorusweredecreasedingroupI57comparedtothecontrolgroup(P=0.031and0.034,respectively),andL.mucosaewasdecreasedingroupI31comparedtothecontrolanimals(P=0.029).Theconcentrationsofbacterialmetabolitesweredistinctivelychangedinthelargeintestineofthepigletsfedinulin.ThepHwaslowerintherectumcontentsingroupI57comparedtothecontrolpiglets(P=0.026),butlacticacidandtotalshort-chainfattyacidconcentrationswerenotaffected.Themolarratiosofpropionicacidincreasedinthecaecalcontents(P=0.040)andinboth,theascendinganddescendingcolonicdigesta(P=0.017and0.013,respectively)ingroupI57comparedtothecontrolgroup,whileaceticaciddecreased(P<0.001) and="" n-valeric="" acid="" increased="">0.001)>P<0.001 and="">0.001>P=0.011,respectively)inthedigestaoftheascendinganddescendingcoloningroupI57.Inconclusion,themicrobialdegradationofinulinwasdependentonitschainlength.Long-chaininulinaffectedthemicrobialfermentationmorepronouncedcomparedtoshort-chaininulin.Theeffectswerealreadyobservedafter6d,arelativelyshortapplicationperiod,indicatingthatinulinmaybeusedspecificallyduringthesensitivepost-weaningperiodforpiglets.
Howdoesthepreparationofryeporridgeaffectmolecularweightdistributionofextractabledietaryfibers?
Rakha,A.,Åman,P.&Andersson,R.(2011).InternationalJournalofMolecularSciences,12(5),3381-3393.
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Extractabledietaryfiber(DF)playsanimportantroleinnutrition.ThisstudyonporridgemakingwithwholegrainryeinvestigatedtheeffectofresttimeofflourslurriesatroomtemperaturebeforecookingandamountofflourandsaltintherecipeonthecontentofDFcomponentsandmolecularweightdistributionofextractablefructan,mixedlinkage(1→3)(1→4)-β-D-glucan(β-glucan)andarabinoxylan(AX)intheporridge.ThecontentoftotalDFwasincreased(fromabout20%to23%ofdrymatter)duringporridgemakingduetoformationofinsolubleresistantstarch.Asmallbutsignificantincreaseintheextractabilityofβ-glucan(P=0.016)andAX(P=0.002)duetoresttimewasalsonoted.ThemolecularweightofextractablefructanandAXremainedstableduringporridgemaking.However,incubationoftheryeflourslurriesatincreasedtemperatureresultedinasignificantdecreaseinextractableAXmolecularweight.Themolecularweightofextractableβ-glucandecreasedgreatlyduringaresttimebeforecooking,mostlikelybytheactionofendogenousenzymes.Theamountofsaltandflourusedintherecipehadsmallbutsignificanteffectsonthemolecularweightofβ-glucan.TheseresultsshowthatwholegrainryeporridgemadewithoutaresttimebeforecookingcontainsextractableDFcomponentsmaintaininghighmolecularweights.Highmolecularweightismostlikelyofnutritionalimportance.