TheGalactomannontestkitissuitableforthemeasurementandanalysisofGalactomannaninfoodandplantproducts.
AnenzymictechniqueforthequantitationofgalactomannaninguarSeeds.
McCleary,B.V.(1981).Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft&Technologie,14,56-59.
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Anenzymictechniquehasbeendevelopedfortherapidandaccuratequantitationofthegalactomannancontentofguarseedsandmillingfractions.Thetechniqueinvolvesthemeasurementofthegalactosecomponentofgalactomannansusinggalactosedehydrogenase.Thegalactomannansareconvertedtogalactoseandmanno-oligosaccharidesusingpartiallypurifiedenzymesfromacommercialpreparationandfromgerminatedguarseeds.Simpleprocedureshavebeendevisedforthepreparationoftheseenzymes.Applicationofthetechniquetoanumberofguarvarietiesgavevaluesforthegalactomannancontentrangingfrom22.7to30.8%ofseedweight.
Measurementoftotalstarchincerealproductsbyamyloglucosidase-alpha-amylasemethod:collaborativestudy.
McCleary,B.V.,Gibson,T.S.&Mugford,D.C.(1997).JournalofAOACInternational,80,571-579.
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AnAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists/AOACcollaborativestudywasconductedtoevaluatetheaccuracyandreli
ABIlityofanenzymeassaykitprocedureformeasurementoftotalstarchinarangeofcerealgrainsandproducts.Thefloursampleisincubatedat95degreesCwith
Thermostablealpha-amylasetocatalyzethehydrolysisofstarchtomaltodextrins,thepHoftheslurryisadjusted,andtheslurryistreatedwithahighlypurifiedamyloglucosidasetoquantitativelyhydrolyzethedextrinstoglucose.Glucoseismeasuredwithglucoseoxidase-peroxidasereagent.Thirty-twocollaboratorsweresent16homogeneoustestsamplesas8blindduplicates.Thesesamplesincludedchickenfeedpellets,whitebread,greenpeas,high-amylosemaizestarch,whitewheatflour,wheatstarch,oatbran,andspaghetti.Allsampleswereanalyzedbythestandardprocedureasdetailedabove;4samples(high-amylosemaizestarchandwheatstarch)werealsoanalyzedbyamethodthatrequiresthesamplestobecookedfirstindimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).Relativestandarddeviationsforrepeatability(RSD(r))rangedfrom2.1to3.9%,andrelativestandarddeviationsforreproducibility(RSD(R))rangedfrom2.9to5.7%.TheRSD(R)valueforhighamylosemaizestarchanalyzedbythestandard(non-DMSO)procedurewas5.7%;thevaluewasreducedto2.9%whentheDMSOprocedurewasused,andthedeterminedstarchvaluesincreasedfrom86.9to97.2%.
Measurementofcarbohydratesingrain,feedandfood.
McCleary,B.V.,Charnock,S.J.,Rossiter,P.C.,O’Shea,M.F.,Power,A.M.&Lloyd,R.M.(2006).JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture,86(11),1648-1661.
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Proceduresforthemeasurementofstarch,starchdamage(gelatinisedstarch),resistantstarchandtheamylose/amylopectincontentofstarch,β-glucan,fructan,glucomannanandgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharides(raffinose,stachyoseandverbascose)inplantmaterial,animalfeedsandfoodsaredescribed.Mostofthesemethodshavebeensuccessfullysubjectedtointerlaboratoryevaluation.Allmethodsarebasedontheuseofenzymeseitherpurifiedbyconventionalchromatographyorproducedusingmolecular
BIOLOGytechniques.Suchmethodsallowspecific,accurateandreliablequantificationofaparticularcomponent.Problemsincalculatingtheactualweightofgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharidesintestsamplesarediscussedindetail.
MetabolicandgeneticperturbationsaccompanythemodificationofgalactomannaninseedsofMedicagotruncatulaexpressingmannansynthasefromguar(CyamopsistetragonolobaL.).
Naoumkina,M.,Vaghchhipawala,S.,Tang,Y.,Ben,Y.,Powell,R.J.&Dixon,R.A.(2008).PlantBiotechnologyJournal,6(6),619-631.
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Galactomannangumsarewidelyusedinthefoodandoilindustries,andthereisconsiderableinterestinapplyingbiotechnologicalapproachestoimprovetheirphysicalproperties.Amannansynthasefromguar(
Cyamopsistetragonoloba)wasexpressedunderthecontrolofabeanβ-phaseolinpromoterintransgenic
Medicagotruncatula.Althoughtheexpressionofexogenousmannansynthasecausedaslightdecreaseingalactomannanlevelsin
Medicago,themolecularweightandviscosityofthepolymerweresignificantlyincreased,althoughthemannosetogalactoseratioanddegreeofpolydispersityremainedunchanged.Atthesametime,expressionofabout2.8%ofthegeneswasalteredsignificantlyintheseedsoftransgenic
Medicagolinesanalysedby
Affymetrixgenomechip,withaparticularlystrikinginductionofputativetrehalosephosphatesynthasegenes.Mannansynthaseexpressionalsocausedlargealterationsinthelevelsofanumberofsugarsandsugaralcohols,suggestingthatover-expressionofaprocessiveglycosyltransferaseperturbsthemechanismsofsugarsensingand/orhomeostasis,poss
IBLyinvolvingsignallingviatrehalose-6-phosphate.
Enzymaticimprovementofguar‐basedthickenerforbetter‐qualitysilkscreenprinting.
Baldaro,E.,Gallucci,M.,Formantici,C.,Issi,L.,Cheroni,S.&Galante,Y.M.(2012).ColorationTechnology,128(4),315-322.
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Guargalactomannan(referredtoasguargum)isaversatilepolysaccharide,obtainedfromtheseedsoftheshrubCyamopsistetragonolobus,whichfindsseveralapplicationsineitheritsnativeorchemicallymodifiedform.Fortextileprinting,guargumcanalsobepartiallydepolymerisedinordertopromotedyepenetration,improveswellinginwaterandachievethedesiredrheologicalproperties.Guargumisobtainedfromguarseedsbyathermo-mechanicalprocessthatleavesca.3%oflargelyinsolubleproteinsinthegum,originatingfromtheendospermsaleuronelayer.Whenprintingsilkfabricswithacidorpremetalliseddyes,guarendogenousinsolubleproteinsbindtightlytoanionicdyes,causingdepositionofcolouredaggregatesonthefabric.Thiscausesimperfectionsontheprintedfabricintheformoftiny,butvisible,‘dots’,whichlowersthequalityofthefinalarticles.Inordertoeliminate‘dotting’,anovelprintingthickenercomposedofdepolymerisedguargummixedwithabioengineeredsubtilisinproteasehasbeendeveloped.Uponsolubilisationofthegum,andduringpreparationoftheprintingpastemixture,theproteasehydrolysesguarguminsolubleproteins,generatingsolublepeptidesthatarewashedoffbythepost-printingtreatmentsofthefabric.Thisenzymaticapplicationprevents‘dotting’andsignificantlyimprovesthequalityofthesilkprint,withoutanymeasurabletensilestrengthlossofthefabric.
Nutrientutilisationandintestinalfermentationaredifferentiallyaffectedbytheconsumptionofresistantstarchvarietiesandconventionalfibresinpigs.
Rideout,T.C.,Liu,Q.,Wood,P.&Fan,M.Z.(2008).BritishJournalofNutrition,99(05),984-992.
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Thisstudyexaminedtheinfluenceofdifferentresistantstarch(RS)varietiesandconventionalfibresontheefficiencyofnutrientutilisationandintestinalfermentationinpigs.Thirty-sixpigs(30kg)werefedpoultrymeal-baseddietssupplementedwith10%granularresistantcornstarch(GCS),granularresistantpotatostarch(GPS),retrogradedresistantcornstarch(RCS),guargum(GG)orcellulosefor36daccordingtoacompletelyrandomisedblockdesign.Distalilealandtotaltractrecoveriesweresimilar(
P>0•05)amongtheRSvarieties.Distalilealstarchrecoverywashigher(
P<0•05)=""in=""pigs=""consuming=""the=""rs=""diets=""(27–42=""%)=""as=""compared=""with=""the=""control=""group=""(0•64=""%).=""consumption=""of=""gcs=""reduced="">
P<0•05)=""apparent=""total=""tract=""digestibility=""and=""whole-body=""retention=""of=""crude=""protein=""in=""comparison=""with=""the=""control=""group.=""consumption=""of=""gps=""reduced="">
P<0•05)=""total=""tract=""ca=""digestibility=""and=""whole-body=""retention=""of=""ca=""and=""p=""compared=""with=""the=""control=""group.=""however,=""consumption=""of=""rcs=""increased="">
P<0•05)=""total=""tract=""ca=""digestibility=""compared=""with=""the=""control=""group.=""caecal=""butyrate=""concentration=""was=""increased="">
P<0•05)=""following=""consumption=""of=""rcs=""and=""gg=""in=""comparison=""with=""the=""control=""group.=""consumption=""of=""all=""the=""rs=""varieties=""reduced="">
P<0•05)=""caecal=""indole=""concentrations=""compared=""with=""the=""control.=""caecal=""butyrate=""concentrations=""were=""positively=""correlated="">
P<0•05;="">
r0•63–0•83)withthermalpropertiesamongtheRSvarieties.WeconcludethatnutrientutilisationandintestinalfermentationaredifferentiallyaffectedbytheconsumptionofdifferentRSvarietiesandtypesoffibres.ThermalpropertiesassociatedwithdifferentRSvarietiesmaybeuseful
MarkersfordevelopingRSvarietieswithspecificfunctionality.
Seedyield,galactomannancontentandqualitytraitsofdifferentguar(CyamopsistetragonolobaL.)genotypes.
Gresta,F.,Ceravolo,G.,Presti,V.L.,D’Agata,A.,Rao,R.&Chiofalo,B.(2017).IndustrialCropsandProducts,107,122-129.
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TheaimofthisstudywastoassesstheproductiveandqualitativetraitsofseedsofsixguargenotypescomingfromIndia,SouthAfricaandtheUSA,growninaMediterraneanenvironment,bothforindustrialuse(galactomannans)andasanimalfeed(guarmeal).Yieldofthesixvarietiesrangedfrom1.49tha-1to2.05tha-1.Galactomannancontentreachedvaluesfrom28.6g/100gto34.6g/100gwiththehighestsignificativevalueexhibitedbyIndiangenotype,LewisandSouthAfricangenotype.Galactomannanyieldresulted0.55tha-1,onaverage,withsmalldifferencesamonggenotypes.Themeanvaluesofproteincontentoftheguarseedsshowedanaveragevalueofallthegenotypesof283g/kgonaDMbasisof896g/kgwiththesignificantlyhighestvaluesinIndianandSouthAfricangenotypes.Lipids(onaDMbasis)wasof28.3g/kgDMonaverage,withthesignificantlyhighestvalueinSouthAfricanandIndiangenotypes.CrudeFibre,rangedfrom107to122g/kg.Thefibrousfractionswereonaverage496g/kgDM,133g/kgDMand5.08g/kgDMforNDF,ADFandADL,respectively.Polyphenolsrangedfrom3.61mggallicacid/gofMatadorto6.63mggallicacid/gofKinmanandtanninsfrom2.01mg/gofcatechinequivalentsofKinmanto4.05mg/gofcatechinequivalentsofSouthAfricangenotype.Monumentshowedthehighestcontentofn6-PUFA,whereas,thehighestcontentofn3-PUFAwasobservedinIndiangenotype.Theration3/n6PUFA,theAtherogenicandThrombogenicindicesunderlinethehighqualityofguaroilforhumanandanimalnutrition.Thisstudyunderlinesthedoubleaptitudeofguarseedofgumextractionandtheby-product,assessing,respectively,itsproductivetraitsforindustrialuseandnutritionaltraitsforincreasingitsuseinfeedstuffintheMediterraneancrop-livestocksystem.Thisdoubleuserepresentsanimportantaddedvaluetopromotethewidespreadcultivationofthecrop.