β-Glucan(Yeast&Mushroom)AssayKitissuitablefor themeasurementandanalysisof1,3:1,6-β-glucanandα-glucaninyeastandmushroom preparations.
Thekitcomponentshavenotbeenalteredfrompreviouslots.
Measurementofβ-GlucaninMushroomsandMycelialProducts.
McCleary,B.V.&Draga,A.(2016).JournalofAOACInternational,99(2),364-373.
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Arobustandreliablemethodhasbeendevelopedforthemeasurementofβ-glucaninmushroomandmycelialproducts.Totalglucan(plusfreeglucoseandglucosefromsucrose)wasmeasuredusingcontrolledacidhydrolysiswithH2SO4andtheglucosereleasedspecificallywasmeasuredusingglucoseoxidase/peroxidasereagent.α-Glucan(starch/glycogen)plusfreeglucoseandglucosefromsucrosewerespecificallymeasuredafterhydrolysisofstarch/glycogentoglucosewithglucoamylaseandsucrosetoglucoseplusfructosewithinvertaseandtheglucosespecificallymeasuredwithGOPODreagent.β-Glucanwasdeterminedbythedifference.Severalacidandenzyme-basedmethodsforthehydrolysisoftheβ-glucanwerecompared,andthebestoptionwasthemethodusingH2SO4.Formostsamples,similarβ-glucanvalueswereobtainedwithboththeoptimizedHClandH2SO4procedures.However,inthecaseofcertainsamples,specificallyGanodermalucidumandPoriacocus,theH2SO4procedureresultedinsignificantlyhighervalues.Hydrolysiswith2Ntrifluoroaceticacidat120°Cwasfoundtobemuchlesseffectivethaneitheroftheothertwoacidsevaluated.Assaysbasedtotallyonenzymatichydrolysis,ingeneral,yieldedmuchlowervaluesthanthoseobtainedwiththeH2SO4procedure.
Screeningofbeta-glucancontentsincommerciallycultivatedandwildgrowingmushrooms.
Sari,M.,Prange,A.,Lelley,J.I.&HambitzerR.(2016).FoodChemistry,216,45-51.
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Mushroomshaveuniquesensorypropertiesandnutritionalvaluesaswellashealthbenefitsduetotheirbioactivecompounds,especiallybeta-glucans.Well-knowned
IBLeandmedicinalmushroomspeciesaswellasuncommonorunknownspeciesrepresentinginterestingsourcesofbioactivebeta-glucanshavebeenwidelystudied.Commerciallycultivatedandwildgrowingmushroomswereanalysedfortheirbeta-glucancontents.Enzymaticdeterminationsofallglucans,alpha-glucansandbeta-glucansin39mushroomsspecieswereperformed,le
ADIngtoveryremarkableresults.Manywildgrowingspeciespresenthighbeta-glucancontents,especiallyBracketfungi.Thewell-knowncultivatedspeciesAgaricusbisporus,LentinulaedodesandCantharelluscibariusaswellasmostscreenedwildgrowingspeciesshowhigherglucancontentsintheirstipesthancaps.
Characterizationofcross-flowultrafiltrationfractionsfromMaitakeMedicinalMushroom,Grifolafrondosa(Agaricomycetes),RevealsDistinctCytotoxicityinTumorCells.
Sari,M.,Hambitzer,R.,Lelley,J.I.,Toepler,K.,Teusch,N.,Nickisch-Hartfiel,A.(2016).InternationalJournalofMedicinalMushrooms,18(8),671-680.
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β-glucansfromBasidiomyceteslike
Grifolafrondosa(themaitakemushroom)arewellknownfortheirhealthbenefits.Polysaccharidepreparationsfrommedicinalmushroomssuchas
G.frondosahavebeensuccessfullytestedinavastnumberofstudies.Manymushroomextractshavebeendevelopedandtodayaremerchandizedforusemedicinallyandcommercially.Studiescouldshowthat,inparticular,chemicalstructuralfeaturessuchasthemolecularsizeofβ-glucanssignificantlyinfluencetheirbioactivity.Thusitishighlyimportanttoexplorethecompositionandstructuralpropertiesofβ-glucansextractedfrommedicinalmushroomsandtheireffectsonhumantumorcellviability.Ourstudyfocusesonthemolecularweightcutoffdistributionofβ-glucansinhotwater-basedextractsfrommaitakemushrooms.Cross-flowultrafiltrationwasappliedtoobtain5fractionsofdifferentmolecularsize.β-glucancontentwasquantifiedusinganenzyme-basedtestkit,specializedto1,3-1,6-β-glucans.Hereweshowthatonlysmallamountsofβ-glucanswithahighmolecularweight(>100kDa)couldbedetectedfromanaqueousextractof
G.frondosa.Themaincompoundsencompasssubstanceswithalowmolecularweight(<5 kda),="" composing="" about="" 35%="" of="" the="" whole="" extract.="" in="" addition,="" tumor="" cell="" viability="" studies="" demonstrate="" significant="" cytotoxic="" potential="" in="" 2="" different="" solid="" cancer="" cell="" types="" for="" the="" fraction="" with="" a="" high="" molecular="" weight="" (="">100kDa)andfor1fractionwithalowmolecularweight(5-10kDa).Insummary,ourexperimentsprovethatcross-flowultrafiltrationservesasaquickandeasymethodfordividingcrudeaqueousmushroomextractsintodifferentmolecular-weightfractionsthatinhibittumorcellvi
ABIlity
invitro.5>
MushroomsofgenusPleurotusasasourceofdietaryfibresandglucansforfoodsupplements.
Synytsya,A.,MíčKoVá,K.,Jablonský,I.,Sluková,M.&Čopíková,J.(2008).CzechJournalofFoodSciences,26(6),441-446.
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Fruitbodies(separatelypileiandstems)ofmushrooms
Pleurotusostreatus(fourstrains)and
Pleurotuseryngiiwerecharacterisedasasourceofpolysaccharides.Thecontentsofglucansanddietaryfibresweredeterminedwithusingtherespective
Megazymeenzymatickits.Enzymaticanalysisofthefruitbodiesconfirmedsignificantdifferencesinthecontentsofthesecomponentsamongthespeciesandstrains.Thestemscontainedmoreinsolubledietaryfibresthanthepileiinallthecasesandmoreβ-glucansinmostcases.However,relativelyhighcontentsofβ-glucan(20–50%ofdrymatter)couldbearesultofincompleteenzymatichydrolysisofinsolubleα-1,3-glucans.Nevertheless,lowfoodqualitystemsofmushrooms
Pleurotussp.couldbeavaluablesourceofcellwallglucansforthepreparationoffoodsupplements.
GlucansfromfruitbodiesofcultivatedmushroomsPleurotusostreatusandPleurotuseryngii:Structureandpotentialprebioticactivity.
Synytsya,A.,Míčková,K.,Synytsya,A.,Jablonský,I.,Spěváček,J.,Erban,V.,Kováříková,E.&Čopíková,J.(2009).CarbohydratePolymers,76(4),548-556.
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Cultivatedoystermushrooms(genus
Pleurotus)areinterestingasasourceof
BIOLOGicallyactiveglucans.Partially,β-glucanfrom
Pleurotussp.(pleuran)hasbeenusedasfoodsupplementsduetoitsimmunosuppressiveactivity.Likeotherdietaryfibrecomponents,oystermushroompolysaccharidescanstimulatethegrowthofcolonmicroorganisms(probiotics),i.e.actasprebiotics.Specificglucanswereisolatedfromstemsof
Pleurotusostreatusand
Pleurotuseryngiibysubsequentboilingwaterandalkaliextraction.Obtainedwatersoluble(
L1),alkalisoluble(
L2)andinsoluble(
S)fractionswerecharacterisedbyvariousanalyticalmethods.Spectroscopicanalysisdetectedglucansinallthefractions:branched1,3-1,6-β-D-glucanpredominatedin
L1and
S,whilelinear1,3-α-D-glucanin
L2.Fractions
L1alsocontainedmarkedamountofproteinspartiallyincomplexwithglucans;proteincontentin
L2wasinsignificant.Effectivedeproteinisationof
L1andseparationofα-andβ-glucansin
L2wasachievedbythetreatmentwithphenolicreagent.Smallamountofchitinwasfoundin
Sasacomponentofcellwallchitin–glucancomplex.Potentialprebioticactivityofextracts
L1and
L2wastestingusingnineprobioticstrainsof
Lactobacillus,
Bifidobacteriumand
Enterococcus.Theseprobioticsshoweddifferentgrowthcharacteristicsdependentlyonusedextractandstrainspecificityduetothepresenceofstructurallydiversecompounds.Theextracts
L1and
L2canbeappliedtosynbioticconstructiononlyforcarefullyselectedprobioticstrains.Thisexploitationoffruitbodyextractsextendstheuseofmushrooms
P.ostreatusand
P.eryngiiforhumanhealth.
HighCellDensityFermentationofSaccharomycescerevisiaeJUL3inFed-batchCulturefortheProductionofβ-Glucan.
Kim,Y.H.,Kang,S.W.,Lee,J.H.,Chang,H.L.,Yun,C.W.,Paik,H.D.,Kang,C.W.&Kim,S.W.(2007).JournalofIndustrialandEngineeringChemistry-Seoul-,13(1),153-158.
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β-Glucanisacellwallcomponentthatisoneofthemostplentifulcellpolysaccharides.Moreover,ithasbeenfoundtohaveseveralbeneficialeffectsontheimmunesystem.Inyeast,β-glucanismainlycontainedintheyeastcellwall,andthusitisimportanttoproducehighlevelsofcellmassforthemassproductionofyeastβ-glucan.Responsesurfacemethodology(RSM)offersapotentialmeansofoptimizingprocessfactorsandmediumcomponents;ithasbeenusedtoestimatetheeffectsofmediumcomponentsoncellmassproduction.Inthepresentstudy,theoptimalconcentrationsofmolassesandcornsteepliquor(CSL)inthemediumweredeterminedtobe6.4%(v/v)and17%(v/v).Thecellmasspredictedbystatisticalanalysiswas9.76g/Lafter20hofcultivation.Ina2.5-Lstirredtankreactor(STR),thecellmassproducedinabatchculturewas36.5∼39.3g/L.Themaximumcellmassinthefed-batchculturesofSaccharomycescerevisiaeJUL3was95.7g/Lusing50%molassessolutionandafeedrateof10mL/h.Thecellmassobtainedinthefed-batchculturewas2.4-foldhigherthanthatobtainedinthebatchculture.
Developmentofaloefermentationproductsandimprovementsofgastrointestinalfunctioninvitro.
Cho,J.H.,Baik,S.O.,Kim,C.S.,Kim,H.H.,Jung,E.J.,Kim,H.K.&Kim,B.K.(2012).FoodScienceandBiotechnology,21(1),35-42.
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ThreealoefermentationproductsfromGanodermalucidum(AG),Hericiumerinaceum(AH),andPhellinuslinteus(AP)wereobtainedbyfermentingmushroommyceliausingaloeasasubstrate.WhenAG,AH,andAPwereaddedtosterilizedaloeandfermentedfor5days,thecolorofthealoefermentationproductchangedfrompinktobeige,whichisaloe’snaturalcolor,throughthefermentationtime.ThepHofthealoefermentationproductsranged4.32–4.36shortlyafterinoculationandthen4.62–4.68duringthe5daysoffermentation.pHincreasedby7%duringthetotalfermentationtime.Thesolidcontenthadincreased1.28–1.40times.ThecontentsofaloinAandBincreasedwithfermentationtime.β-Glucancontentdecreasedwithfermentationtime.Theureaseinhibitionactivity(%)wereremarkableinAG-496.70,AH-492.30,andAP-466.40%,indicatingtheseproductshadgrowthinhibitioneffectsagainstHelicobacterpylori.Moreover,AGandAHweremosteffectiveasanti-H.pyloritreatments.
Responsesurfaceoptimizationofβ-glucanextractionfromcauliflowermushrooms(Sparassiscrispa).
Bae,I.Y.,Kim,K.J.,Lee,S.&Lee,H.G.(2012).FoodScienceandBiotechnology,21(4),1031-1035.
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Theextractionproceduresforβ-glucansfromcauliflowermushrooms(Sparassiscrispa)wereoptimizedbyresponsesurfacemethodology.Experimentaldesignwasusedtoinvestigatetheeffectof3extractionparameters(pH,extractiontime,andratioofwatertorawmaterial)onβ-glucancontent.Theparameterrangesinvestigatedwere6–10forextractionpH(X1),5-15hforextractiontime(X2),and10–30forwatertorawmaterialratio(X3).Theexperimentalresultswereingoodagreementwithapolynomialregressionmodelbyamultipleregressionanalysis(R2=0.95,p=0.0074)forβ-glucancontentextractedfromcauliflowermushrooms.Theoptimalconditionsforβ-glucanextractionfromcauliflowermushroomsweredeterminedasextractionpHof6.05,extractiontimeof8h55min,andratioofwatertorawmaterialof19.74,showing60.76%ofthepredictedcontentofβ-glucan.
Sparassiscrispasuppressesmastcell-mediatedallergicinflammation:Roleofcalcium,mitogen-activatedproteinkinaseandnuclearfactor-κB.
Kim,H.H.,Lee,S.,Singh,T.S.,Choi,J.K.,Shin,T.Y.&Kim,S.H.(2012).InternationalJournalofMolecularMedicine,30(2),344-350(7).
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Allergicinflammatorydiseasesuchasfoodallergy,asthmaandatopicdermatitisareincreasingworldwide.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectofwaterextractofSparassiscrispa(WESC)Fr.(Aphyllophoromycetideae)onmastcell-mediatedallergicinflammationandthepossiblemechanismsofaction.WESCinhibitedcompound48/80-inducedsystemicanaphylaxisandserumhistaminereleaseinmice.WESCdecreasedimmunoglobulinE(IgE)-mediatedpassivecutaneousanaphylaxis.Additionally,WESCreducedhistaminereleaseandintracellularcalciuminhumanmastcellsactivatedbyphorbol12-myristate13-acetate(PMA)andcalciumionophoreA23187.WESCdecreasedPMAandA23187-stimulatedexpressionofpro-inflammatorycytokines,suchastumornecrosisfactor(TNF)-α,inlerleukin(IL)-6andIL-1β.TheinhibitoryeffectofWESConpro-inflammatorycytokineswasnuclearfactor-κB,extracellularsignal-regulatedkinaseandp38mitogen-activatedproteinkinase-dependent.OurresultssuggestpotentialtherapeuticapplicationofWESCinallergicinflammatorydiseases.
AntioxidativeandimmunomodulatingactivitiesofpolysaccharideextractsofthemedicinalmushroomsAgaricusbisporus,Agaricusbrasiliensis,GanodermalucidumandPhellinuslinteus.
Kozarski,M.,Klaus,A.,Niksic,M.,Jakovljevic,D.,Helsper,J.P.F.G.&VanGriensven,L.J.L.D.(2011).Foodchemistry,129(4),1667-1675.
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Partiallypurifiedpolysaccharideswereobtainedfromfourmedicinalmushroomspecies,Agaricusbisporus,Agaricusbrasiliensis,PhellinuslinteusandGanodermalucidumbyhotwaterextraction,followedbyethanolprecipitation.Thefoursamplescontainedvaryingamountsofbothα-andβ-glucansasdeterminedbyFT-IRandbyquantitativeestimationafterpriorpartialhydrolysis(Megazymeβ-glucanassaykit).EC50valuesoftheDPPHscavengingactivityofthepolysaccharidesfromG.lucidumsporesandP.linteusfruitingbodieswerefoundtobeparticularlylow,i.e.EC50<0.1=""mg/ml.=""for="">A.brasiliensisandA.bisporus,EC50valueswere0.27and2.0mg/ml.EC50valuesoftheantioxidantactivitywere7.07mg/mlforG.lucidum,13.25mg/mlforA.brasiliensisand>20mg/mlforA.bisporuspolysaccharide,respectively.EC50valuesofthechelatingactivityofferrousionsrangedfrom0.59mg/mlforG.lucidumto7.80mg/mlforA.bisporus.TheEC50valuesoftheextractsinthereducingpowerassayrangedfrom0.47to14.83mg/ml.AcorrelationwasfoundbetweenEC50valuesofthechelatingandreducingpowerabilitiesandtheamountoftotalglucanscontentintheextracts.InvitromeasurementsofimmunomodulatorycapacityofpolysaccharideextractsshowedthatA.bisporus,A.brasiliensisfruitingbodiesandG.lucidumsporesextractsexpressanimmunostimulatingeffectonactivatedhumanPBMCsandinducesynthesisofIFN-γ.ThepolysaccharideextractofP.linteusfruitingbodiesshowedanimmunosuppressiveeffect.
Newmethoddevelopmentfornanoparticleextractionofwater-solubleβ-(1→3)-D-glucanfromediblemushrooms,SparassiscrispaandPhellinuslinteus.
Park,H.G.,Shim,Y.Y.,Choi,S.O.&Park,W.M.(2009).JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry,57(6),2147-2154.
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SparassiscrispaandPhellinuslinteusareedible/medicinalmushroomsthathaveremarkablyhighcontentsofβ-(1→3)-D-glucan,whichactsasabiologicalresponsemodifier,butdifficultyincultivatingthefruitingbodiesandextractionofβ-D-glucanhaverestricteddetailedstudies.Therefore,anovelprocessfornanoparticleextractionofSparan,theβ-D-glucanfromSparassiscrispa,andPhellin,theβ-D-glucanfromPhellinuslinteus,hasbeeninvestigatedusinginsolubletungstencarbideasamodelfornanoknifetechnology.ThisisthefirstreportshowingthatthenanoknifemethodresultsinhighyieldsofSparan(70.2%)andPhellin(65.2%)withanaverageparticlesizeof150and390nm,respectively.TheextractedSparanwithβ-(1→3)linkagesshowedaremarkablyhighwatersolubilityof90%evenafter10minofincubationatroomtemperature.Therefore,itislikelythatthisnanoknifemethodcouldbeusedtoproduceβ-D-glucanforfood,cosmetic,andpharmaceuticalindustries.
OptimizationofbiomassproductionwithenhancedglucananddietaryfibrescontentbyPleurotusostreatusATHUM4438undersubmergedculture.
Papaspyridi,L.M.,Katapodis,P.,Gonou-Zagou,Z.,Kapsanaki-Gotsi,E.&Christakopoulos,P.(2010).BiochemicalEngineeringJournal,50(3),131-138.
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ThisworkwasaimedatoptimizingbiomassproductionbytheediblebasidiomycetePleurotusostreatusATHUM4438inasubmergedprocesswithenhancedglucananddietaryfibrescontent.β-GlucanfromPleurotussp.(pleuran)hasbeenusedasfoodsupplementsduetoitsimmunosuppressiveactivity.Likeotherdietaryfibrecomponents,oystermushroompolysaccharidescanstimulatethegrowthofcolonmicroorganisms(probiotics),i.e.actasprebiotics.WeusedtheFFMicroPlateforsubstrateutilizationandgrowthmonitoring.Thepatternofsubstratecatabolismformsasubstrateassimilationfingerprintwhichisusefulinselectingmediacomponentsformediaoptimizationofmaximumbiomassproduction.Differentcarbonsources(95)wereusedandthen8ofthemweretestedinshakeflaskcultures.Theeffectofvariousorganicandcomplexnitrogensourcesonbiomassproductionwasalsoexaminedandresponsesurfacemethodologybasedoncentralcompositedesignwasappliedtoexploretheoptimalmediumcomposition.Whentheoptimizedculturemediumwastestedina20-Lstirredtankbioreactor,using57gL-1xyloseand37gL-1cornsteepliquor,highyields(39.2gL-1)ofdrybiomasswasobtained.Theyieldcoefficientsfortotalglucananddietaryfibresonmycelialbiomassformedwere140±4and625±9mgg-1myceliumdryweight,respectively.
Solubleβ-1,3/1,6-glucaninseaweedfromthesouthernhemisphereanditsimmunomodulatoryeffect.
Bobadilla,F.,Rodriguez-Tirado,C.,Imarai,M.,Galotto,M.J.&Andersson,R.(2013).Carbohydratepolymers,92(1),241-248.
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Fivetypesofmacroalgaefromthesouthernhemispherewereanalysedforthepresenceofβ-1,3/1,6-glucananditsimmunostimulantproperties.Wewereabletoextractsolubleβ-1,3/1,6-D-glucanfromDurvillaeaantarctica(Chamisso)Hariot(DA).Themorphologyofthebrownalgaeinfluencedextraction,andthehighestpercentageofβ-glucanwasfoundinthefronds.Thecontentofβ-glucaninthestipesandholdfastwasonaverage33%and<5%, respectively,="" of="" that="" in="" the="" fronds.="" a="" simple="" laboratory="" extraction="" process="" was="" developed.="" a="" highly="" pure="" water-soluble="" polysaccharide,="" mainly="" composed="" of="" glucose="" residues,="" was="" obtained="" with="" a="" dominant="" average="" molecular="" weight="" of="" 6.9="" kda.="" nmr="" spectroscopy="" confirmed="" the="" polysaccharide="" structure="" to="" be="" of="" β-1,3/1,6-glucan="" type,="" comprising="" a="" β-1,3-glucan="" backbone="" and="" 21%="" degree="" of="" branching="" of="" β-1,6-glucan="" side="" chains.="" mouse="" cells="" were="" exposed="" to="" four="" da="" extract="" concentrations="" in="" water="" (50,="" 100,="" 250="" and="" 500="" μg/ml)="" and="" no="" adverse="" effects="" on="" survival="" were="" noted.="" remarkably,="" the="" β-glucan="" induced="" a="" 16.9%="" increase="" in="" activated="" cd19+="" b="" lymphocytes="" compared="" with="" the="" control="" sample.="" the="" optimal="" concentration="" for="" maximum="" activity="" was="" 100="" μg="" da="" extract/ml.="">5%,>