TheL-GlutamicAcidtestkit isasimple,reliable,rapidandaccuratemethodforthemeasurementandanalysisofL-glutamate(MSG)infoodstuffs.
SurfactanttodyebindingdegreebasedapproachfortheselectivedeterminationofL-glutamateinfoodstuffs.
Pedraza,A.,Sicilia,M.D.,Rubio,S.&Pérez-Bendito,D.(2007).AnalyticalandBioanalyticalChemistry,389(7-8),2297-2302.
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AselectivemethodforthedeterminationofL-glutamateinfoodstuffshasbeendeveloped.ItwasbasedonthecompetitionestablishedbetweentheanalyteandthedyeCoomassiebrilliantblueG(CBBG)tointeractwiththesurfactantdidodecyldimethylammoniumbromide(DDABr).ThemeasurementparameterwastheamountofDDABrrequiredtoreachagivendye-to-surfactantbindingdegree.ItwasobtainedbyphotometrictitrationonthebasisofthechangesobservedinthespectralcharacteristicsofthedyewhenCBBG–DDABraggregateswereformed.ThecalibrationgraphobtainedwaslinearintheL-glutamateconcentrationinterval0.2–5mM(detectionlimit0.05mM).Thehighselectivityoftheproposedmethod(otheraminoacidsandfoodadditivesdidnotinterfereattheconcentrationspresentinfoodstuffs)permittedthedirectanalysisoffoodsamplesafterdissolutionoftheanalyteinhotwater.TheaccuracyofthesurfactanttothedyebindingdegreemethodwasdemonstratedbydeterminingL-glutamateindifferentkindsoffoodstuffs(liquidanddriedsoups,seasonings,pastasaucesanddriedmushroomcreams)andcomparingtheresultsobtainedwiththoseprovidedbythecommercialBoehringerMannheimessay.
ThericeR2R3-MYBtranscriptionfactorOsMYB55isinvolvedinthetolerancetohightemperatureandmodulatesaminoacidmetabolism.
El-kereamy,A.,Bi,Y.M.,Ranathunge,K.,Beatty,P.H.,Good,A.G.&Rothstein,S.J.(2012).PloSone,7(12),e52030.
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Temperatureshigherthantheoptimumnegativelyaffectsplantgrowthanddevelopment.Tolerancetohightemperatureisacomplexprocessthatinvolvesseveralpathways.Understandingthisprocess,especiallyincropssuchasrice,isessentialtoprepareforpredictedclimatechangesduetoglobalwarming.Here,weshowthatOsMYB55isinducedbyhightemperatureandoverexpressionofOsMYB55resultedinimprovedplantgrowthunderhightemperatureanddecreasedthenegativeeffectofhightemperatureongrainyield.Transcriptomeanalysisrevealedanincreaseinexpressionofseveralgenesinvolvedinaminoacidsmetabolism.WedemonstratethatOsMYB55bindstothepromoterregionsoftargetgenesanddirectlyactivatesexpressionofsomeofthosegenesincludingglutaminesynthetase(OsGS1;2)glutamineamidotransferase(GAT1)andglutamatedecarboxylase3(GAD3).OsMYB55overexpressionresultedinanincreaseintotalaminoacidcontentandoftheindividualaminoacidsproducedbytheactivationoftheabovementionedgenesandknownfortheirrolesinstresstolerance,namelyL-glutamicacid,GABAandarginineespeciallyunderhightemperaturecondition.Inconclusion,overexpressionofOsMYB55improvesriceplanttolerancetohightemperature,andthishightoleranceisassociatedwithenhancedaminoacidmetabolismthroughtranscriptionactivation.
Astrocyticglutamatetransporter-dependentneuroprotectionagainstglutamatetoxicity:Aninvitrostudyofmaslinicacid.
Qian,Y.,Guan,T.,Tang,X.,Huang,L.,Huang,M.,Li,Y.,Sun,H.,Yu,R.&Zhang,F.(2011).EuropeanJournalofPharmacology,651(1-3),59-65.
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TheastrocyticglutamatetransportersGLAST/E
AAT1andGLT-1/EAAT2arecrucialfortheremovalofglutamatefromthesynapticcleftandareessentialformaintainingalowconcentrationofextracellularglutamateinthebrain.Enhancedtransporterexpressionisneuroprotective.Inthepresentstudy,wetestedtheneuropotectiveeffectsofmaslinicacid,anaturalproductfromthe
Oleaeuropaeaplant,onculturesofprimaryneuronsfromthecerebralcortex.Studiesshowedthatastrocyte-conditionedmediumfrommaslinicacid-treatedastrocytesdose-dependentlypromotedneuronsurvivalduringglutamatetoxicitybyenhancingextracellularglutamateclearance.Real-timePCRandwesternblotanalysisrevealedthatmaslinicacidpre-treatmentsignificantlyincreasedtheexpressionofGLASTandGLT-1attheproteinandmRNAlevels.Inaddition,thisneuroprotectionwasabolishedbytheglutamatetransporterinhibitor,L-Threohydroxyaspartate(THA),inaco-cultureofastrocytesandneurons.Thesefindingssuggestthatmaslinicacidregulatestheextracellularglutamateconcentrationbyincreasingtheexpressionofastrocyticglutamatetransporters,whichmay,inturn,provideneuroprotection.
Productionofstablequininenanodispersionsusingesterifiedγ-polyglutamicacidbiopolymer.
Hoennscheidt,C.,Kreyenschulte,D.,Margaritis,A.&Krull,R.(2013).BiochemicalEngineeringJournal,79,259-266.
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Novelmethodsareneededforthedevelopmentofnanodisperseddrugformulationstoenhancebioavail
ABIlityofmanyhydrophobicpharmaceuticals.Thepoorlywater-solublequinineisawell-knownanti-malariadrugwhichcanbeusedasapromisingmodelcompoundforthedevelopmentofnovelnanodispersedformulations.Inadditiontohydrophobicdrug"sownaffectingproperties,surfactantsplayanimportantrolefortheenhancementoftheirlowbioavailabilitybypreparingstabledispersions.Amphiphiliccompoundscanefficientlybeusedtostabilizecolloidalfragmentsbypreventingtheprecipitationorcrystallizationofpoorlywater-solubleactiveingredientsduringfabrication.Anovelbiopolymerderivativebasedonthebiotechnologicallyproducedγ-polyglutamicacid(γ-PGA)from
Bacilluslicheniformiscultivationwasdevelopedforencapsulationoftheactiveingredient.High-molecularγ-PGAisananionicpolyelectrolytethatwasoptimizedandmodifiedwithhydrophobicL-phenylalanineethylester(L-PAE)toformanamphiphiliccombpolymerP(γ-GA-
r-L-PAE)withsurfactiveproperties.Theapproachofthenanodispersionpolymerconcentration,molecularweightandgraftingdegreeenablestheefficientstabilizationofthepoorlywater-solublemodeldrug.Theresearchpresentedinthisreportindicatesthepotentialbenefitsofhydrophobicallymodifiedγ-PGAandsuggestsitspotentialroleinformingstabledispersionsforfuturepharmaceuticalapplications.
Gamma-aminobutyricacid,glutamatedehydrogenaseandglutamatedecarboxylaselevelsinphylogeneticallydivergentplants.
Seher,Y.,Filiz,O.&Melike,B.(2013).PlantSystematicsandEvolution,299(2),403-412.
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Gamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA)isanonproteinaminoacidfoundinawiderangeoforganismsincludingplants.SeveralstudieshaveshownthatGABAplaysdifferentrolesinplantmetabolismincludingcarbon–nitrogenmetabolism,energybalance,signalinganddevelopment.IthasbeensuggestedthattheoccurrenceofGABAandtheenzymesrelatedtoGABAbiosynthesisinprokaryotesandeukaryotesmaybeimportantinevolutionanddiversification.However,studiesofGABAbiosynthesisandGABAlevelsinanevolutionarycontextarerestrictedtosequencedplantgenomes.InthisstudyweaimedtocomparetheactivitiesofGDHandGADenzymesandtotalnitrogen,andthecontentsoftotalsolubleprotein,succinate,glutamate,prolineandGABAinplantsfromdifferentphylogeneticlevelsincludingUlvalactuca,Pseudeverniafurfuracea,Nephrolepsisexaltata,Ginkgobiloba,Pinuspinea,Magnoliagrandiflora,Nymphaeaalba,Urticadioica,Portulacaoleraceae,Malvasylvestris,Rosacanina,Lavandulastoechas,Washingtoniafilifera,AvenabarbataandIriskaempferi.TheactivitiesofGADandGDHenzymesdifferedaccordingtothespeciesandwerenotalwaysparalleltoGABAlevels.ThediscrepancyinthecontentsofsuccinateandGABAbetweenhigherandprimitiveplantswasalsoprominent.Glutamatelevelswerehighwithafewexceptionsandprolinecontentswereatsimilarlowvaluesascomparedtootheraminoacids.OurresultssupportthehypothesisthattheGABAshuntplaysakeyroleincarbonandnitrogenpartitioningvialinkingaminoacidmetabolismandthetricarboxylicacidcyclewhichisessentialforhigherplantspecies.
Metabolicengineeringofthemixed-acidfermentationpathwayofEscherichiacoliforanaerobicproductionofglutamateanditaconate.
Vuoristo,K.S.,Mars,A.E.,Sangra,J.V.,Springer,J.,Eggink,G.,Sanders,J.P.&Weusthuis,R.A.(2015).AMBExpress,5(1),61.
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Itaconicacid,anunsaturatedC5-dicarboxylicacid,isabiobasedbuildingblockforthepolymerindustry.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoestablishproofofprincipleforananaerobicfermentationprocessfortheproductionofitaconicacidbymodificationofthemixedacidfermentationpathwayof
E.coli.
E.coliBW25113(DE3)andthephosphateacetyltransferase(
pta)andlactatedehydrogenase(
ldhA)deficientstrain
E.coliBW25113(DE3)Δ
pta-Δ
ldhAwereusedtostudyanaerobicitaconateproductionin
E.coli.Heterologousexpressionofthegeneencoding
cis-aconitatedecarboxylase(
cadA)from
A.terreusin
E.coliBW25113(DE3)didnotresultinitaconateproductionunderanaerobicconditions,but0.08 mMofitaconatewasformedwhenthegenesencodingcitratesynthase(
gltA)andaconitase(
acnA)from
CoryNEBacteriumglutamicumwerealsoexpressed.Thesameamountwasproducedwhen
cadAwasexpressedin
E.coliBW25113(DE3)Δ
pta-Δ
ldhA.Thetitreincreased8timesto0.66 mM(1.2 %Cmol)when
E.coliBW25113(DE3)Δ
pta-Δ
ldhAalsoexpressed
gltAand
acnA.Inaddition,thisstrainproduced8.5 mM(13 %Cmol)ofglutamate.Theuseofanitrogen-limitedgrowthmediumreducedtheaccumulationofglutamatebynearly50 %comparedtothenormalmedium,andalsoresultedinamorethan3-foldincreaseoftheitaconatetitreto2.9 mM.Theseresultsdemonstratedthat E.coli haspotentialtoproduceitaconateandglutamateunderanaerobicconditions,closingtheredoxbalancebyco-productionofsuccinateorethanolwithH
2 andCO
2.
Genetic,enzymaticandmetaboliteprofilingoftheLactobacilluscaseigrouprevealsstrainbiodiversityandpotentialapplicationsforflavourdiversification.
Stefanovic,E.,Kilcawley,K.N.,Rea,M.C.,
Fitzgerald,G.F.&McAuliffe,O.(2017).
JournalofAppliedMicroBIOLOGy,122(5),1245-1261.
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Aims:TheLactobacilluscaseigrouprepresentsawidelyexploredgroupoflacticacidbacteria,characterizedbyahighlevelofbiodiversity.Inthisstudy,thegeneticandphenotypicdiversityofacollectionofmorethan300isolatesoftheLact.caseigroupandtheirpotentialtoproducevolatilemetabolitesimportantforflavourdevelopmentindairyproducts,wasexamined.MethodsandResults:Followingconfirmationofspeciesby16SrRNAPCR,thediversityoftheisolateswasdeterminedbypulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresis.Theactivitiesofenzymesinvolvedintheproteolyticcascadewereassessedandsignificantdifferencesamongthestrainswereobserved.Tenstrainswerechosenbasedontheresultsoftheirenzymesactivitiesandtheywereanalysedfortheirabilitytoproducevolatilesinmediawithincreasedconcentrationsofarepresentativearomatic,branchedchainandsulphuraminoacid.Volatileswereassessedusinggaschromatographycoupledwithmassspectrometry.Strain-dependentdifferencesintherangeandtypeofvolatilesproducedwereevident.Conclusions:StrainsoftheLact.caseigrouparecharacterizedbygeneticandmetabolicdiversitywhichsupportsvariabilityinvolatileproduction.SignificanceandImpactoftheStudy:Thisstudyprovidesascreeningapproachfortheknowledge-basedselectionofstrainspotentiallyenablingflavourdiversificationinfermenteddairyproducts.