TheD-LacticAcid(D-Lactate)(Rapid)testkitissuitablefortherapid,specificmeasurementandanalysisofD-lacticacidinwine,beer,juice,milk,cheese,vinegar,meatandotherfoodproducts.
Grapeandwineanalysis:Oenologiststoexploitadvancedtestkits.
Charnock,S.C.&McCleary,B.V.(2005).RevuedesEnology,117,1-5.
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Itiswithoutdoubtthattestingplaysapivotalrolethroughoutthewholeofthevinificationprocess.Toproducethebestposs
IBLequalitywineandtominimiseprocessproblemssuchas“stuck”fermentationortroublesomeinfections,itisnowrecognisedthatifpossibletestingshouldbeginpriortoharvestingofthegrapesandcontinuethroughtobottling.Tr
ADItionalmethodsofwineanalysisareoftenexpensive,timeconsuming,requireeitherelaborateequipmentorspecialistexpertiseandfrequentlylackaccuracy.However,enzymaticbio-analysisenablestheaccuratemeasurementofthevastmajorityofanalytesofinteresttothewinemaker,usingjustonepieceofapparatus,thespectrophotometer(
seepreviousissueNo.116foradetailedtechnicalreview).Grapejuiceandwineareamenabletoenzymatictestingasbeingliquidstheyarehomogenous,easytomanipulate,andcangenerallybeanalysedwithoutanysamplepreparation.
Megazyme“advanced”winetestkitsgeneralcharacteristicsandvalidation.
Charnock,S.J.,McCleary,B.V.,Daverede,C.&Gallant,P.(2006).ReveuedesOenologues,120,1-5.
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ManyoftheenzymatictestkitsareofficialmethodsofprestigiousorganisationssuchastheAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemicals(AOAC)andtheAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists(AACC)inresponsetotheinterestfromoenologists.Megazymedecidedtouseitslonghistoryofenzymaticbio-analysistomakeasignificantcontributiontothewineindustry,bythedevelopmentofarangeofadvancedenzymatictestkits.Thistaskhasnowbeensuccessfullycompletedthroughthestrategicandcomprehensiveprocessofidentifyinglimitationsofexistingenzymaticbio-analysistestkitswheretheyoccurred,andthenusingadvancedtechniques,suchasmolecular
BIOLOGy(
photo1),torapidlyovercomethem.Noveltestkitshavealsobeendevelopedforanalytesofemerginginteresttotheoenologist,suchasyeastavailablenitrogen(
YAN;seepages2-3ofissue117article),orwherepreviouslyenzymesweresimplyeithernotavailable,orweretooexpensivetoemploy,suchasforD-mannitolanalysis.
ProductionofL-lacticacidfromagreenmicroalga,Hydrodictyonreticulum,byLactobacillusparacaseiLA104isolatedfromthetraditionalKoreanfood,makgeolli.
Nguyen,C.M.,Kim,J.S.,Hwang,H.J.,Park,M.S.,Choi,G.J.,Choi,Y.H.,Jang,K.S.&Kim,J.C.(2012).BioresourceTechnology,110,552-559.
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Thefreshwatermicroalga,Hydrodictyonreticulum,thatcontained47.5%reducingsugarsincluding35%glucosewasusedassubstratefortheproductionofL-lacticacid(LA)byLA-producingbacteria.LactobacillusparacaseiLA104wasselectedforfermentationina5-lfermentorsinceitwasabletogrowatpH3,60gLA/l,200gglucose/l,125gNaCl/l,and45°Candproducedover97.3%opticallypureL-lacticacidwithglucoseasasubstrate.SimultaneoussaccharificationandcofermentationfromH.reticulumtoL-LAusingLA104wasinvestigatedinajarfermentor.Theyieldreached46g/100gH.reticulumdrymaterial,withafinalconcentrationof37.11g/landaproductivityof1.03g/l/h.ThisisthefirstreportoftheproductionofL-LAfromamicroalga,andH.reticulumcouldbeapotentialfeedstockforlarge-scaleproductionofL-LAbyLA104.
D-LacticacidproductionfromdrybiomassofHydrodictyonreticulatumbysimultaneoussaccharificationandco-fermentationusingLactobacilluscoryniformissubsp.torquens.
Nguyen,C.M.,Kim,J.S.,Song,J.K.,Choi,G.J.,Choi,Y.H.,Jang,K.S.&Kim,J.C.(2012).BiotechnologyLetters,34(12),2235-2240.
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D-Lacticacidproductionfromdrybiomassofthemicroalga,Hydrodictyonreticulatum,wascarriedoutina5-ljarfermentor(initialpH6,34°CusingCaCO3asaneutralizingagent)throughsimultaneoussaccharificationandco-fermentationusingtheLactobacilluscoryniformissubsp.torquens.After36h,36.6glacticacid/lwasproducedfrom80gH.reticulatum/linthemediumcontaining3gyeastextract/land3gpeptone/lintheabsenceofmineralsalts.Themaximumproductivity,averageproductivityandyieldwere2.38g/lh,1.02g/lhand45.8%,respectively.TheopticalpurityofD-Lacticacidrangedfrom95.8–99.6%.H.reticulatumisthusapromisingbiomassmaterialfortheproductionofD-Lacticacid.
ModellingtheEffectofDifferentSubstratesandTemperatureontheGrowthandLacticAcidProductionbyLactobacillusamylovorusDSM20531TinBatchProcess.
Trontel,A.,Baršić,V.,Slavica,A.,Santek,B.&Novak,S.(2010).FoodTechnology&Biotechnology,48(3),351-361.
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AmylolyticlacticacidbacteriumLactobacillusamylovorusDSM20531Tutilisedglucose,sucroseandstarchasasolecarbonandenergysource.ThethreesubstrateswerecompletelydepletedfromMRSmediumduringbatchcultivationscarriedoutinalaboratoryscalestirredtankbioreactoratconstanttemperature(40°C)andpHvalue(5.5).Underthetestedconditions,thebacteriumwascapableofconductingsimultaneouslystarchhydrolysisandfermentation.Amixtureoftwostereoisomers,D-(-)-andL-(+)-lacticacid,wasproducedinallcasesbyhighlyefficienthomofermentativebioprocesswith0.93to1goflactateproducedpergoftotal(consumed)substrate.Theeffectoftemperatureonthekineticsofcellgrowthandlacticacidproductionbytheamylolyticstraininthestarch-containingmediumwasalsoinvestigated.Efficientsimultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation(SSF)wasobtainedat35,40and45°Cwithcompletelydegradedcomplexcarbohydratein8to12handtheproductyieldcoefficientintherangefrom0.91to0.93g/g.Maximumvaluesforsubstrateconsumptionrate(0.89h-1),maximumspecificgrowthrate(0.87h-1),productformationrate(2.01h-1),andproductivityoflacticacid(1.45g/(Uh))wereobtainedat45°C,whilemaximumbiomassconcentration(4.38g/L)wasattainedat40°C.Theratioofthetwostereoisomericformsofproducedlacticacidwasstronglyaffectedbythetemperature.Unstructuredkineticmodelwasusedtodescribetheconsumptionofthethreesubstrates,bacterialbiomassformationandlacticacidproductionbyL.amylovorusDSM20531T.Thedependenceofbiokineticparametersontemperaturewasdescribedbycardinaltemperaturemodel.Theappliedmodelssuccessfullypredictedallexperimentaldata.
Engineeringacyanobacterialcellfactoryforproductionoflacticacid.
Angermayr,S.A.,Paszota,M.&Hellingwerf,K.J.(2012).AppliedandEnvironmentalMicrobiology,78(19),7098-7106.
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Metabolicengineeringofmicroorganismshasbecomeaversatiletooltofacilitateproductionofbulkchemicals,fuels,etc.Accordingly,CO
2hasbeenexploitedviacyanobacterialmetabolismasasustainablecarbonsourceofbiofuelandbioplasticprecursors.Hereweextendedtheseobservationsbyshowingthatintegrationofan
ldhgenefrom
Bacillussubtilis(encodinganL-lactatedehydrogenase)intothegenomeof
Synechocystissp.strainPCC6803leadstoL-lacticacidproduction,aphenotypewhichisshowntobestableforprolongedbatchculturing.Coexpressionofaheterologoussolubletranshydrogenaseleadstoanevenhigherlactateproductionrateandyield(lacticacidaccumulatinguptoaseveral-millimolarconcentrationintheextracellularmedium)thanthoseforthesingle
ldhmutant.Theexpressionofatranshydrogenasealone,however,appearstobeharmfultothecells,andamutantcarryingsuchageneisrapidlyoutcompetedbyarevertant(s)withawild-typegrowthphenotype.Fur
Thermore,ourresultsindicatethattheintroductionofalactatedehydrogenaserescuesthisphenotypebypreventingthereversion.
Sourdough-leavenedbreadimprovespostprandialglucoseandinsulinplasmalevelsinsubjectswithimpairedglucosetolerance.
Maioli,M.,Pes,G.M.,Sanna,M.,Cherchi,S.,Dettori,M.,Manca,E.&Farris,G.A.(2008).ActaDiabetologica,45(2),91-96.
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Sourdoughbreadhasbeenreportedtoimproveglucosemetabolisminhealthysubjects.Inthisstudypostprandialglycaemicandinsulinaemicresponseswereevaluatedinsubjectswithimpairedglucosetolerance(IGT)whohadamealcontainingsourdoughbreadleavenedwithlactobacilli,incomparisontoareferencemealcontainingbreadleavenedwithbakeryeast.SixteenIGTsubjects(agerange52–75,averageBMI29.9±4.2kg/m²)wererandomlygivenamealcontainingsourdoughbread(A)andamealcontainingthereferencebread(B)intwoseparateoccasionsatthebeginningofthestudyandafter7days.Sourdoughbreadwasleavenedfor8husingastartercontainingautochthonousSaccharomycescerevisiaeandseveralbacilliabletoproduceasignificantamountofD-andL-lacticacid,whereasthereferencebreadwasleavenedfor2hwithcommercialbakeryeastcontainingSaccharomycescerevisiae.Plasmaglucoseandinsulinlevelsweremeasuredattime0,30,60,120,and180min.InIGTsubjectssourdoughbreadinducedasignificantlylowerplasmaglucoseresponseat30minutes(p=0.048)andasmallerincrementalareaundercurve(AUC)Δ0–30andΔ0–60min(p=0.020and0.018respectively)incomparisontothebreadleavenedwithbakeryeast.Plasmainsulinresponsetothistypeofbreadshowedlowervaluesat30min(p=0.045)andasmallerAUCΔ0–30min(p=0.018).ThisstudyshowsthatinsubjectswithIGTglycaemicandinsulinaemicresponsesaftertheconsumptionofsourdoughbreadarelowerthanafterthebreadleavenedwithbakeryeast.Thiseffectislikelyduetothelacticacidproducedduringdoughleaveningaswellasthereducedavailabilityofsimplecarbohydrates.Thus,sourdoughbreadmaypotentiallybeofbenefitinsubjectswithimpairedglucosemetabolism.
Homo-fermentativeproductionofD-lacticacidbyLactobacillussp.employingcaseinwheypermeateasarawfeed-stock.
Prasad,S.,Srikanth,K.,Limaye,A.M.&Sivaprakasam,S.(2014).BiotechnologyLetters,36(6)1303-1307.
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Caseinwheypermeate(CWP),alactose-enricheddairywasteeffluent,isaviablefeedstockfortheproductionofvalue-addedproducts.TwolacticacidbacteriawerecultivatedinasyntheticcaseinwheypermeatemediumwithorwithoutpHcontrol.
LactobacilluslactisATCC4797producedD-lacticacid(DLA)at12.5gl
-1inabioreactor.ThevaluesofLeudking–Piretmodelparameterssuggestedthatlactatewasagrowth-associatedproduct.BatchfermentationwasalsoperformedemployingCWP(35glactosel
-1)withcaseinhydrolysateasanitrogensupplementinabioreactor.After40h,
L.lactisproduced24.3glacticacidl
-1withanopticalpurity>98%.ThusCWPmayberegardedasapotentialfeed-stockforDLAproduction.
EffectofthermalprocessingduringyogurtproductionuponthedetectionofstaphylococcalenterotoxinB.
Principato,M.,Boyle,T.,Njoroge,J.,Jones,R.L.&O"Donnell,M.(2009).JournalofFoodProtection®,72(10),2212-2216.
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ThisresearchwasconductedtoexaminetheinherentpropertiesofyogurtcontaminatedwithstaphylococcalenterotoxinB(SEB).Twotypesofyogurtswereproducedforthisstudy.TypeIyogurtswereproducedbyaddingSEBatthestartofyogurtproduction,andtypeIIyogurtswereproducedbyaddingSEBafterthemilkbasehadbeenboiled.Biochemicalcharacteristicsinherenttoyogurt,includingpH,lacticacidandacetaldehydeconcentrations,wereanalyzedweeklyforeachbatchbeginningatatimejustafterproductionandthroughoutastorageperiodofatleast4weeks.Thepresenceoftoxinduringyogurtproductiondidnotresultinanysignificantbiochemicalorphysicalchangesinyogurt.However,wewereunabletodetectSEBtoxinintypeIyogurtusingacommerciallyavailableenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(
ELISA).Incontrast,SEBwaseasilydetectablebyourELISAintypeIIyogurtsamples.HigherlevelsofSEBwererecoveredfromtypeIIyogurtthathadbeenstoredfor1weekthanfromtypeIIyogurtthathadbeenstoredforanyotherlengthoftime.Theseresultsindicatethatthebiochemicalcharacteristicsofyogurtdidnotchangesignificantly(relativetocontrolyogurt)inthepresenceofeitherthermallyprocessedSEBornativeSEB.However,theabilitytodetectSEBbyELISAwasdependentonwhetherthetoxinhadbeenprocessed.
Theeffectofciliatefaunacompositiononmureincontentandmureinolyticactivityintherumenofsheep.
Bełżecki,G.,Miltko,R.,Kwiatkowska,E.,Kowalik,B.&Michałowski,T.(2012).JournalofAnimalandFeedSciences,21(1),65-76.
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Theeffectoftheciliates,Eudiplodiniummaggii,DiploplastronaffineandEntodiniumcaudatum,andnaturalprotozoalfaunaontheruminalmureinconcentrationandmureinolyticactivitywasexaminedonthreerams,repeatedlydefaunatedandrefaunatedwithEudiplodiniummaggii,Diploplastronaffine,Entodiniumcaudatumandnaturalprotozoalfauna.Thenumberofciliatesvariedfrom18(E.maggii)to334x103/grumencontent(naturalfauna).Themureinconcentrationfluctuatedbetween180and277mg/gdrymatter(DM).Theestablishmentofciliatesintherumenofdefaunatedsheepdecreasedthemureincontentby28-35%(P<0.05). mureinolytic="" activity="" varied="" from="" 2.2="" and="" 5.7="" μg/g="" dm="" of="" rumen="" fluid/min="" and="" was="" the="" lowest="" in="" defaunated="" sheep="" and="" the="" highest="" in="" animals="" faunated="" with="">0.05).>E.caudatum.Theprotozoaincreasedthisactivityfrom32(E.maggii)to159%(E.caudatum).Allexaminedparametersshoweddiurnalvariations.Theciliatenumberwasthegreatestjustbeforefeedingandthesmallest4hthereafter.Thefluctuationpatterninmureincontentwasinversetothatofprotozoaconcentrationandmureinolyticactivity.
Solidstatefermentationwithlacticacidbacteriatoimprovethenutritionalqualityoflupinandsoybean.
Bartkiene,E.,Krungleviciute,V.,Juodeikiene,G.,Vidmantiene,D.&Maknickiene,Z.(2015).JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture,95(6),1336-1342.
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BACKGROUND:Theabilityofbacteriocin-likeinhibitorysubstance(BLIS)-producinglacticacidbacteria(LAB)todegradebiogenicaminesaswellastoproduceL(+)andD(−)-lacticacidduringsolidstatefermentation(SSF)oflupinandsoyabeanwasinvestigated.Inaddition,theproteindigestibilityandformationoforganicacidsduringSSFoflegumewereinvestigated.RESULTS:Proteindigestibilityoffermentedlupinandsoyabeanwasfoundhigheronaverageby18.3%and15.9%,respectively,comparedtountreatedsamples.TestedLABproducedmainlyL-lacticacidinsoyabeanandlupin(D/Lratio0.38–0.42and0.35–0.54,respectively),whilespontaneousfermentationgavealmostequalamountsofbothlacticacidisomers(D/Lratio0.82–0.98and0.92,respectively).TestedLABstrainswereabletodegradephenylethylamine,spermineandspermidine,whereastheywereabletoproduceputrescine,histamineandtyramine.CONCLUSIONS:SSFimprovedlupinandsoyabeanproteindigestibility.BLIS-producingLABinlupinandsoyabeanmediumproducedamixtureofD-andL-lacticacidwithamajorexcessofthelatterisomer.Mosttoxichistamineandtyramineinfermentedlupinandsoyabeanwerefoundatlevelslowerthosecausingadversehealtheffects.Selectionofbiogenicaminesnon-producingbacteriaisessentialinthefoodindustrytoavoidtheriskofamineformation.
Markersofperioperativebowelcomplicationsincolorectalsurgerypatients.
Hyšpler,R.,Tichá,A.,Kaška,M.,Žaloudková,L.,Plíšková,L.,Havel,E.&Zadák,Z.(2015).DiseaseMarkers,2015,ArticleID428535.
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Colorectalcancerisaclinicalconditionwhosetreatmentofteninvolvesintestinalresection.Suchtreatmentfrequentlyresultsintwomajorgastrointestinalcomplicationsaftersurgery:anastomoticleakageandprolongedileus.Anastomoticleakageisaseriouscomplicationwhich,moreoftenthannot,isdiagnosedlate;todate,C-reactiveproteinistheonlyavailablediagnosticmarker.Amonocentric,
Prospective,opencase-controlstudywasperformedinpatients undergoingcolorectalsurgery.Intestinalfattyacidbindingprotein(i-FABP),citrulline,D-lactate,exhaledhydrogen,
EscherichiacoligenomicDNA,andischemiamodifiedalbumin(IMA)weredeterminedpreoperatively,postoperatively,andonthefollowingfourconsecutivedays.BacterialDNAwasnotdetectedinanysample,andi-FABPandD-lactatelackedanydistinctpotentialtodetectpostoperativebowelcomplications.Exhaledbreathhydrogencontentshowedunacceptablylowsensitivity.However,citrullineturnedouttobeaspecificmarkerforprolongedileusonpostoperativedays3-4.Usingacut-offvalueof20 µmol/L,asensitivityandspecificityof~75%wasachievedonpostoperativeday4.IMAwasfoundtobeanefficientpredictorofanastomosisleakbycalculatingthedifferencebetweenpreoperativeandpostoperativevalues.Thistesthad100%sensitivityand80%specificityand100%negativeand20%positivepredictivevalue.
Long-termadaptiveevolutionofLeuconostocmesenteroidesforenhancementoflacticacidtoleranceandproduction.
Ju,S.Y.,Kim,J.H.&Lee,P.C.(2016).BiotechnologyforBiofuels,9(1),240.
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Background:LacticacidhasbeenapprovedbytheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdmi
NISTrationasGenerallyRegardedAsSafe(GRAS)andiscommonlyusedinthecosmetics,pharmaceutical,andfoodindustries.Applicationsoflacticacidhavealsoemergedintheplasticsindustry.Lacticacidbacteria(LAB),suchas
LeuconostocandLactobacillus,arewidelyusedaslacticacidproducersforfood-relatedandbiotechnologicalapplications.Nonetheless,industrialmassproductionoflacticacidinLABisachallengemainlybecauseofgrowthinhibitioncausedbytheendproduct,lacticacid.Thus,itisimportanttoimproveacidtoleranceofLABtoachievebalancedcellgrowthandahightiteroflacticacid.Recently,adaptiveevolutionhasbeenemployedasoneofthestrategiestoimprovethefitnessandtoinduceadaptivechangesinbacteriaunderspecificgrowthconditions,suchasacidstress.
Results:Wild-type
Leuconostocmesenteroideswaschallengedlongtermwithexogenouslysuppliedlacticacid,whoseconcentrationwasincreasedstepwise(forenhancementoflacticacidtolerance)during1 year.Inthecourseoftheadaptiveevolutionat70 g/Llacticacid,threemutants(LMS50,LMS60,andLMS70)showinghighspecificgrowthratesandlacticacidproductionwereisolatedandcharacterized.MutantLMS70,isolatedat70 g/Llacticacid,increasedD-lacticacidproductionupto76.8 g/L,whichwastwicethatinthewildtype(37.8 g/L).Proteomic,genomic,andphysiologicalanalysesrevealedthatseveralpossiblefactorsaffectedacidtolerance,amongwhichamutationofATPaseεsubunit(involvedintheregulationofintracellularpH)andupregulationofintracellularammonia,asabufferingsystem,wereconfirmedtocontributetotheobservedenhancementoftoleranceandproductionofD-lacticacid.
Conclusions:Duringadaptiveevolutionunderlethalstressconditions,thefitnessof
L.mesenteroidesgraduallyincreasedtoaccumulatebeneficialmutationsaccordingtothestresslevel.TheenhancementofacidtoleranceinthemutantscontributedtoincreasedproductionofD-lacticacid.Theobservedgeneticandphysiologicalchangesmaysystemicallyhelpremoveprotonsandretainviabilityathighlacticacidconcentrations.
TheUseofLacticAcidBacteriaintheFermentationofFruitsandVegetables-TechnologicalandFunctionalProperties.
Urbonaviciene,D.,Viskelis,P.,Bartkiene,E.,Juodeikiene,G.&DaivaVidmantiene,D.(2015).Biochemistry,GeneticsandMolecularBiology,Biotechnology,Chapter7.
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Therelationshipbetweenfoodandhealthhasbeeninvestigatedformanyyears,andtherefore,thedevelopmentoffoodsthatpromotehealthandwell-beingisakeyresearchpriorityofthefoodindustry.Fruitsandvegetablesareanessentialpartofhumannutrition.Unfortunately,thedailyintakeoffruitsandvegetablesisestimatedtobelowerthantherecommendationoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),whosuggestadietaryintakeof450and500goffruitsandvegetables,respectively.Vegetablesarestronglyrecommendedinthehumandietbecausetheyarerichinantioxidants,vitamins,dietaryfibresandminerals.Themajorityofvegetablesconsumedinthehumandietarefresh,minimallyprocessed,pasteurisedorcookedbyboilinginwaterormicrowaving,andvegetablescanbecanned,dried,orjuicedormadeintopastes,salads,sauces,orsoups.Freshvegetablesorthosethathavebeenminimallyprocessedhaveaparticularlyshortshelf-lifebecausetheyaresubjectedtorapidmicrobialspoilage.Inaddition,theabovecookingprocessescancauseanumberofpotentiallyundesirablechangesinphysicalcharacteristicsandchemicalcomposition.
AreserumamyloidAorD-lactateusefultodiagnosesynovialcontaminationorsepsisinhorses?.
Robinson,C.S.,Singer,E.R.,Piviani,M.&Rubio-Martinez,L.M.(2017).VeterinaryRecord,vetrec-2017.
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Synovialsepsisinhorsesislifethreateningandaccuratediagnosisallowingprompttreatmentiswarranted.ThisstudyassessedthediagnosticvalueofserumamyloidA(SAA)andD-lactateinbloodandsynovialfluid(SF)asdiagnosticmarkersofsynovialsepsisinhorsesandcorrelatedthemwithtotalnucleatedcellcount(TNCC),percentageofneutrophils(%N)andtotalprotein(TP)inSF.BloodandSFSAAandD-lactateconcentrationsweredeterminedinacase–controlobservationalstudyincluding112horses(38withsynovialcontaminationorsepsis(SCS),66withnon-septicintra-synovialpathology(NSISP)and8controls).BloodandSFSAAweresignificantlyhigherinSCSthaninNSISPandcontrolhorses.SAAvaluesweresimilarinNSISPandcontrolhorses.SFSAAwasmoderatelycorrelatedwithsynovialTNCC,TPandbloodSAA.BloodandSFSAAwere82.4percentand80percent sensitiveand88.9percentand73percent specificfordiagnosisofSCS,withcut-offvaluesof60.7and1.14 µg/ml,respectively.BloodandSFD-lactateconcentrationswerenotsignificantlydifferentbetweengroups.ThisstudyshowsthatbloodandSFSAAconcentrationscanaidtodistinguishSCSfromnon-septicsynovialpathology;however,D-lactatewasnotuseful.