TheD-/L-LacticAcid(D-/L-Lactate)(Rapid)testkitisusedfortherapidandspecificconcurrentmeasurementandanalysisofL-lacticacid(L-lactate)andD-lacticacid(D-lactate)inbeverages,meat,dairyandfoodproducts.
Grapeandwineanalysis:Oenologiststoexploitadvancedtestkits.
Charnock,S.C.&McCleary,B.V.(2005).RevuedesEnology,117,1-5.
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Itiswithoutdoubtthattestingplaysapivotalrolethroughoutthewholeofthevinificationprocess.Toproducethebestposs
IBLequalitywineandtominimiseprocessproblemssuchas“stuck”fermentationortroublesomeinfections,itisnowrecognisedthatifpossibletestingshouldbeginpriortoharvestingofthegrapesandcontinuethroughtobottling.Tr
ADItionalmethodsofwineanalysisareoftenexpensive,timeconsuming,requireeitherelaborateequipmentorspecialistexpertiseandfrequentlylackaccuracy.However,enzymaticbio-analysisenablestheaccuratemeasurementofthevastmajorityofanalytesofinteresttothewinemaker,usingjustonepieceofapparatus,thespectrophotometer(
seepreviousissueNo.116foradetailedtechnicalreview).Grapejuiceandwineareamenabletoenzymatictestingasbeingliquidstheyarehomogenous,easytomanipulate,andcangenerallybeanalysedwithoutanysamplepreparation.
Megazyme“advanced”winetestkitsgeneralcharacteristicsandvalidation.
Charnock,S.J.,McCleary,B.V.,Daverede,C.&Gallant,P.(2006).ReveuedesOenologues,120,1-5.
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ManyoftheenzymatictestkitsareofficialmethodsofprestigiousorganisationssuchastheAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemicals(AOAC)andtheAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists(AACC)inresponsetotheinterestfromoenologists.Megazymedecidedtouseitslonghistoryofenzymaticbio-analysistomakeasignificantcontributiontothewineindustry,bythedevelopmentofarangeofadvancedenzymatictestkits.Thistaskhasnowbeensuccessfullycompletedthroughthestrategicandcomprehensiveprocessofidentifyinglimitationsofexistingenzymaticbio-analysistestkitswheretheyoccurred,andthenusingadvancedtechniques,suchasmolecular
BIOLOGy(
photo1),torapidlyovercomethem.Noveltestkitshavealsobeendevelopedforanalytesofemerginginteresttotheoenologist,suchasyeastavailablenitrogen(
YAN;seepages2-3ofissue117article),orwherepreviouslyenzymesweresimplyeithernotavailable,orweretooexpensivetoemploy,suchasforD-mannitolanalysis.
MicrobialandphysicochemicalsuccessioninfermentedsausagesproducedwithbacteriocinogeniccultureofLactobacillussakeandsemi-purifiedbacteriocinmesenterocinY.
Zdolec,N.,Hadžiosmanović,M.,Kozačinski,L.,Cvrtila,Ž.,Filipović,I.,Škrivanko,M.&Leskovar,K.(2008).MeatScience,80(2),480-487.
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TheinfluenceofthebacteriocinogeniccultureLactobacillussakei(105/g)andsemi-purifiedbacteriocinmesenterocinY(2560AU/kg)onthesafetyandqualityoftraditionalCroatianfermentedsausageswasinvestigated.TheadditionofLb.sakeiand/ormesenterocinYreducedmicrobialcounts(P<0.05)=""in=""the=""final=""products.=""after=""28=""days=""of=""ripening,=""coagulase-negative=""cocci=""decreased=""1.5–2.0=""log,=""yeasts=""1.2–1.4=""log=""and="">enterococci1.7–2.7log.InthecaseoftheadditionofLb.sakei,thelacticacidbacteriacountwassignificantly(P<0.05)=""higher=""at=""day=""7=""of=""ripening,=""and=""was=""accompanied=""by=""a=""lower=""ph=""and=""a=""higher=""amount=""of=""lactic=""acid="">P<0.05).=""in=""the=""final=""product=""the=""amount=""of=""acetic=""acid=""was=""significantly=""lower.=""more=""intensive=""proteolysis=""and=""an=""increase=""in=""ammonia=""content=""were=""found=""at=""the=""beginning=""of=""fermentation,=""and=""in=""the=""second=""phase=""of=""ripening=""in=""the=""control=""samples,=""respectively.=""the=""free=""fatty=""acid=""concentration=""was=""significantly=""lower=""during=""the=""entire=""ripening=""process=""compared=""to=""the=""control="">P<0.05).=""semi-purified=""mesenterocin=""y=""did=""not=""affect=""the=""sensory=""properties=""of=""the=""sausages,=""whilst=""the=""addition=""of="">Lb.sakeienhancedthem.
EffectsofyeastextractanddifferentaminoacidsonthedynamicsofsomecomponentsincabbagejuiceduringfermentationwithBifidobacteriumlactisBB-12.
Buruleanu,C.L.,Nicolescu,C.L.,Avram,D.,Manea,I.&Bratu,M.G.(2012).FoodScienceandBiotechnology,21(3),691-699.
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Variousaminoacidsandtheyeastextract,inamountsof0.1%(w/v),wereseparatelytestedfortheirinfluenceontheanalyticalparametersoflacticacidfermentationofcabbagejuicewithBifidobacteriumanimalissubsp.lactisBB-12.Comparedwiththecontrol,cysteinesupplementationledtoadecreaseofthetimetoreachpH5.0of6timesandanincreaseoflacticacidproductivityof1.22times.After48htheascorbicacidcontentwasby360.73%higher,thefermentedcabbagejuicesbeingassignedintoadistinctgroupapplyingbothfactoranalysis(FA)andclusteranalysis(CA).Tryptophancontributedtobettervaluesforlacticandaceticacidyield,whilelysineandyeastextractespeciallyforaceticacidyield.Valineandleucinewerenotabletoimprovethefermentationprogress,estimatedthroughtheanalyzedvariables.Thisworkwouldprovidesomehelpfulinformationforthedevelopmentofvariouslacto-fermentedvegetablejuicesusingprobioticbacteria.
Heterofermentativeprocessindryfermentedsausages-acasereport.
Kameník,J.,Dušková,M.,Saláková,A.&Šedo,O.(2013).ActaVeterinariaBrno,82(2),181-186.
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Incertaincircumstancesthefermentationprocessindryfermentedsausagesconvertstoheterofermentationpathwayleadingtoaceticacidandcarbondioxidebesidelacticacid.Thestudydescribestwocasesofundesirableheterofermentationindrysausagesfromtwodifferentproducers.Inthesausagesamples(n=7)thepHvalueandthecontentoflacticandaceticacidsweremeasured.Microbialanalysisfocusedonquantitativeandqualitativedetectionoflacticacidbacteria.Theaceticacidcontentvariedfrom24.28to67.41µmol•g-1drymatter,inthecaseofsamplesfromthesecondproducerthecontentofaceticacid(48.45to67.41µmol•g-1drymatter)washigherthanthelacticacidcontent(20.98to29.02µmol•g-1drymatter).ThelactobacillistrainsfromthesausageswereassignedtothecorrespondingspeciesbyMatrix-AssistedLaserDesorption-Ionization-TimeofFlightMassSpectrometry(MALDI-TOFMS)andclassifiedtothreegroupsaccordingtothesugarfermentationpattern(obligatelyhomofermentative,facultativelyheterofermentativeandobligatelyheterofermentative)andtheycausedtheheterofermentationprocessinthesamplesofdryfermentedsausages.Thedescriptionofthecaseofheterofermentationprocessindrysausagesisuniqueandthereislittleinformationaboutthistopic.
Effectsofharvestdate,wiltingandinoculationonyieldandforagequalityofensilingsafflower(CarthamustinctoriusL.)biomass.
Cazzato,E.,Laudadio,V.,Corleto,A.&Tufarelli,V.(2011).JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture,91(12),2298-2302.
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BACKGROUND:Safflower(CarthamustinctoriusL.),usuallygrownasasourceofoilcrop,canbeusedasfoddereitherforhayorensilingpurposes,particularlyinsemi-aridregions.RESULTS:A2-yeartrialwasconductedinsouthernItalytoevaluatetheproductionandforagequalityofsafflowerbiomasscv.Centennial,harvestedatthreedifferentstages:1,atcompleteappearanceofprimarybuds(PB);2,atcompleteappearanceofsecondaryandtertiarybuds(STB);and3,at25%offloweringstage(FS).Foreachstageofgrowth,50%ofthebiomasswasensiledin4Lglassjarswithoutandwithinoculation(Lactobacillusplantarum,LAB),andtheother50%wasfieldwiltedfor24hbeforeensiling.Drymatter(DM)contentandyield(DMY),pH,bufferingcapacity(BC)andwatersolublecarbohydrates(WSC)weredeterminedonfreshforage.Onsafflowersilageswerealsoevaluatedammonia-N,crudeprotein(CP),fibrefractions,fat,lacticandaceticacids,CaandP,andgaslosses.DMYrangedfrom4.5tha-1(PBharvesting)to11.6tha-1(FSharvesting).DMcontentvariedfrom129gkg-1(PBnotwilted)to630gkg-1(FSwilted).TheWSCinforagebeforeensilingwithnotwiltingrangedfrom128(PBstage)to105and100gkg-1DMatSTBandFSstages,respectively.ThewiltedsafflowerforageshowedalowerWSCcomparedtowiltedforage.Thehighsugarsubstrateallowedlacticacidfermentationandagoodconservationqualityinalltheharvestingstages.Silagesqualitywasstronglyinfluencedbythetreatmentperformed.WiltingpracticeincreasedDM,pHandNDFcontentsbutreducedlacticacid,aceticacidandNH3-Nvalues.InoculationreducedDM,pHandNDFcontents,butincreasedlacticandaceticacids,CPandash.CONCLUSION:Asresult,wiltingtheforagefor1daywasveryeffectiveintheearlyharvestingstagebecausethispracticesignificantlyincreasedDM,reducingonthesametimetheintensivefermentationandproteolysisprocessesofsilage.Whenharvestingisperformedatthebeginningofthefloweringstagewiltingisnotnecessary.
ModellingtheEffectofDifferentSubstratesandTemperatureontheGrowthandLacticAcidProductionbyLactobacillusamylovorusDSM20531TinBatchProcess.
Trontel,A.,Baršić,V.,Slavica,A.,Santek,B.&Novak,S.(2010).FoodTechnology&Biotechnology,48(3),352-361.
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AmylolyticlacticacidbacteriumLactobacillusamylovorusDSM20531Tutilisedglucose,sucroseandstarchasasolecarbonandenergysource.ThethreesubstrateswerecompletelydepletedfromMRSmediumduringbatchcultivationscarriedoutinalaboratoryscalestirredtankbioreactoratconstanttemperature(40°C)andpHvalue(5.5).Underthetestedconditions,thebacteriumwascapableofconductingsimultaneouslystarchhydrolysisandfermentation.Amixtureoftwostereoisomers,D-(-)-andL-(+)-lacticacid,wasproducedinallcasesbyhighlyefficienthomofermentativebioprocesswith0.93to1goflactateproducedpergoftotal(consumed)substrate.Theeffectoftemperatureonthekineticsofcellgrowthandlacticacidproductionbytheamylolyticstraininthestarch-containingmediumwasalsoinvestigated.Efficientsimultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation(SSF)wasobtainedat35,40and45°Cwithcompletelydegradedcomplexcarbohydratein8to12handtheproductyieldcoefficientintherangefrom0.91to0.93g/g.Maximumvaluesforsubstrateconsumptionrate(0.89h-1),maximumspecificgrowthrate(0.87h-1),productformationrate(2.01h-1),andproductivityoflacticacid(1.45g/(Uh))wereobtainedat45°C,whilemaximumbiomassconcentration(4.38g/L)wasattainedat40°C.Theratioofthetwostereoisomericformsofproducedlacticacidwasstronglyaffectedbythetemperature.Unstructuredkineticmodelwasusedtodescribetheconsumptionofthethreesubstrates,bacterialbiomassformationandlacticacidproductionbyL.amylovorusDSM20531T.Thedependenceofbiokineticparametersontemperaturewasdescribedbycardinaltemperaturemodel.Theappliedmodelssuccessfullypredictedallexperimentaldata.
LactosefermentationbyKombucha–aprocesstoobtainnewmilk–basedbeverages.
Iličić,M.,Kanurić,K.,Milanović,S.,Lončar,E.,Djurić,M.&Malbaša,R.(2012).RomanianBiotechnologicalLetters,17(1),7013-7021.
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Thispaperfocusesonfermentationoflactosefromamodelsystem(blacktea)andfromtwotypesofmilk(0.9%w/wand2.2%w/woffat)byapplicationofKombucha.QuantitiesoftheappliedKombuchastarterwere10%v/vand15%v/v.Allfermentationswereperformedat42°C.TheprocesstoachieveadesirablepH=4.5wasslowerinthemodelsystem(16h)thaninmilks(9-10h).Regardingstarterquantity,10%v/vprovedtheoptimal.Regardingtypesofmilk,higherfatcontentguaranteesshorterfermentationandhigheryieldofmetabolites.Utilizationoflactosewasfoundatalevelof≈20%and≈30%inmilkswith0.9%w/wand2.2%w/woffat,respectively.Thiswascorrelatedwithanappearanceofintermediatesand/orproducts.Glucoseunderwentfurthertransformationsalmostentirely,whilegalactoseshowedmuchlowerreactivity.Seventotwelvetimeshighercontentsoflacticacidwerefoundcomparedtoaceticacid.Milk-basedbeveragefromthereducedfatsample,inoculatedwith10%v/vofKombuchastarter,hasthebestphysicalcharacteristics(syneresisandwaterholdingcapacity).Italsodevelopedagoodtexture(especiallycohesivenessandindexofviscosity).Milklactosefermentationwasaprocessthatcouldhavebeenusedforobtainingnewmilk-basedproducts.
SimultaneoussaccharificationandhightiterlacticacidfermentationofcornstoverusinganewlyisolatedlacticacidbacteriumPediococcusacidilacticiDQ2.
Zhao,K.,Qiao,Q.,Chu,D.,Gu,H.,Dao,T.H.,Zhang,J.&Bao,J.(2013).BioresourceTechnology,135,481-489.
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AlacticacidbacteriumwithhightoleranceoftemperatureandlignocellulosederivedinhibitorwasisolatedandcharacterizedasPediococcusacidilacticiDQ2.Thestrainusedinthesimultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation(SSF)forhightiterlacticacidproductionatthehighsolidsloadingofcornstover.Cornstoverwaspretreatedusingthedrysulphuricacidpretreatment,followedbyabiologicaldetoxificationtoremovetheinhibitorsproducedinthepretreatment.ThebioreactorwithanovelhelicalimpellerwasusedtotheSSFoperationofthepretreatedandbiodetoxifiedcornstover.TheresultsshowthatatypicalSSFoperationat48°C,pH5.5,andnear30%(w/w)solidsloadinginboth5and50Lbioreactorswasdemonstrated.Thelacticacidtiter,yield,andproductivityreached101.9g/L,77.2%,and1.06g/L/h,respectively.Theresultprovidedapracticalprocessoptionforcellulosiclacticacidproductionusingvirginagriculturelignocelluloseresidues.
Biohydrogenandmethaneproductionfromcheesewheyinatwo-stageanaerobicprocess.
Antonopoulou,G.,Stamatelatou,K.,Venetsaneas,N.,Kornaros,M.&Lyberatos,G.(2008).Industrial&EngineeringChemistryResearch,47(15),5227-5233.
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Theaimofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatethepotentialofhydrogenandsubsequentmethaneproductionfromrawcheesewheyat35°C.Thefermentativehydrogenproductionprocessfromrawcheesewheywasconductedinacontinuous-typestirredtankbioreactor,operatedatlowhydraulicretentiontime(HRT;24h).Inthisstage,thecarbohydratescontainedincheesewheyarefermentedtoamixtureofacidsandagaseousmixturerichinhydrogen.Thecontinuousfermentativehydrogenproductionwassustainedbytheindigenousmicrofloraalreadycontainedintherawcheesewheybecausethebioreactorwasnotseededwithanysourceofinoculum.AtaHRTof24h,thehydrogenproductionratewas7.53LofH
2/day,whiletheyieldofhydrogenproducedwas0.041m
3ofH
2/kgofchemicaloxygendemand(COD)addedor2.49LofH
2/Lofcheesewhey.Themixedliquorfromthisstagewasfurtherdigestedtobiogasinaperiodicanaerobicbaffledreactor(PABR),abaffled-typebioreactor.ThePABRwasoperatedatHRTsof20,10,and4.4days.Thehighestbiogasandmethaneproductionrateswere105.9Lofbiogas/dayand75.6LofCH
4/day,respectively,andwereobtainedatanHRTof4.4days.Duringthisstage,CODreductionreached94%,obtainedatanHRTof4.4days.Fur
Thermore,themethanepotentialoftherawcheesewheywasassessedbyconductingabiochemicalmethanepotentialtest.Itwasestimatedtobe0.31m
3ofCH
4/kgofCODaddedor17.9LofCH
4/Lofcheesewhey.Thisworkdemonstratedthatbiohydrogenproductionfromcheesewheycanbeveryefficientlycoupledwithmethaneproductioninasubsequentstep,exploitingthegaseousbiofuelpotentialofthiswastewatertype.
ProductionoffunctionalRicottaCheese.
Niro,S.,Succi,M.,Cinquanta,L.,Fratianni,A.,Tremonte,P.,Sorrentino,E.&Panfili,G.(2013),DairyIngredients,24(6),56-59.
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Inthiswork,thesuitabilityofRicottacheeseasafoodcarrierforfunctionalingredientswasevaluated.TheprobioticstrainLactobacillusparacaseisubsp.paracaseiF19,inoculatedataconcentrationof109cfu/servingsize,maintainedhighcountsduringthecoldstorageofRicottacheese(7daysat5°C),withoutalteringthenutritionalandsensorialpropertiesofRicottasamples.Similarly,theadditionof3%inulindidnotsignificantlychangethesensoryprofileofthecheese,whereastheadditionofchestnutflourloweredtheperceivedsensorycharacteristics.Thesynbioticformulation(with3%inulinand109cfu/servingsizeofLb.paracaseisubsp.paracaseiF19)alteredtheRicottasensorialcharacteristics,mainlyforanexcessiveacidification.
Responsesindigestion,rumenfermentationandmicrobialpopulationstoinhibitionofmethaneformationbyahalogenatedmethaneanalogue.
Mitsumori,M.,Shinkai,T.,Takenaka,A.,Enishi,O.,Higuchi,K.,Kobayashi,Y.,Nonaka,I.,Asanuma,N.,Denman,S.E.&McSweeney,C.S.(2012).BritishJournalofNutrition,108(03),482-491.
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Theeffectsoftheanti-methanogeniccompound,bromochloromethane(BCM),onrumenmicrobialfermentationandecologywereexaminedinvivo.Japanesegoatswerefedadietof50%Timothygrassand50%concentrateandthensequentiallyadaptedtolow,midandhighdosesofBCM.ThegoatswereplacedintotherespirationchambersforanalysisofrumenmicrobialfunctionandmethaneandH2production.Thelevelsofmethaneproductionwerereducedby5,71and91%,andH2productionwasestimatedat545,2941and3496mmol/headperd,inresponsetolow,midandhighdosesofBCM,respectively,withnoeffectonmaintenancefeedintakeanddigestibility.Real-timePCRquantificationofmicrobialgroupsshowedasignificantdecreaserelativetocontrolsinabundanceofmethanogensandrumenfungi,whereastherewereincreasesinPrevotellaspp.andFibrobactersuccinogenes,adecreaseinRuminococcusalbusandR.flavefacienswasunchanged.Thenumbersofprotozoawerealsounaffected.DenaturinggradientgelelectrophoresisandquantitativePCRanalysisrevealedthatseveralPrevotellaspp.werethebacteriathatincreasedmostinresponsetoBCMtreatment.Itisconcludedthatthemethane-inhibitedrumenadaptstohighhydrogenlevelsbyshiftingfermentationtopropionateviaPrevotellaspp.,butthemajorityofmetabolichydrogenisexpelledasH2gas.
Theeffectoftransglutaminaseonrheologyandtextureoffermentedmilkproducts.
Iličić,M.D.,Milanović,S.D.,Carić,M.Ð.,Vukić,V.R.,Kanurić,K.G.,Ranogajec,M.I.&Hrnjez,D.V.(2013).JournalofTextureStudies,44(2),160-168.
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Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectoftransglutaminase(TG)additiononrheologicalproperties,texturalcharacteristicsandmicrostructureoffermentedmilkproductsmanufacturedbydifferentstarters(probioticsandkombuchainoculum).Rheologicalanalysisrevealedthatallmanufacturedfermentedmilkproductshadhigherstoragemodulusthanlossmodulusandexhibitedthixotropicandatypicalshearthinningbehavior.TheadditionofTGinmilkincreasedapproximately10.5%hysteresislooparea,39%firmnessand48%consistencyinsampleproducedwithprobioticstarterandhadmorefirmandstablegelstructurethankombuchafermentedmilkproducts.ThescanningelectronmicroscopymicrographsshowedthatcaseinmatrixoffermentedmilkproductscontainingTGiscontinuousanduninterruptedexceptforvoidspacesoccupiedbymilkserumandstarterculturecell.