TheAcetaldehydetestkitisasimple,reliable andaccuratemethodforthemeasurementandanalysisofacetaldehydeinbeveragesandfoodstuffs.
Grapeandwineanalysis:Oenologiststoexploitadvancedtestkits.
Charnock,S.C.&McCleary,B.V.(2005).RevuedesEnology,117,1-5.
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Itiswithoutdoubtthattestingplaysapivotalrolethroughoutthewholeofthevinificationprocess.Toproducethebestposs
IBLequalitywineandtominimiseprocessproblemssuchas“stuck”fermentationortroublesomeinfections,itisnowrecognisedthatifpossibletestingshouldbeginpriortoharvestingofthegrapesandcontinuethroughtobottling.Tr
ADItionalmethodsofwineanalysisareoftenexpensive,timeconsuming,requireeitherelaborateequipmentorspecialistexpertiseandfrequentlylackaccuracy.However,enzymaticbio-analysisenablestheaccuratemeasurementofthevastmajorityofanalytesofinteresttothewinemaker,usingjustonepieceofapparatus,thespectrophotometer(
seepreviousissueNo.116foradetailedtechnicalreview).Grapejuiceandwineareamenabletoenzymatictestingasbeingliquidstheyarehomogenous,easytomanipulate,andcangenerallybeanalysedwithoutanysamplepreparation.
Megazyme“advanced”winetestkitsgeneralcharacteristicsandvalidation.
Charnock,S.J.,McCleary,B.V.,Daverede,C.&Gallant,P.(2006).ReveuedesOenologues,120,1-5.
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ManyoftheenzymatictestkitsareofficialmethodsofprestigiousorganisationssuchastheAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemicals(AOAC)andtheAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists(AACC)inresponsetotheinterestfromoenologists.Megazymedecidedtouseitslonghistoryofenzymaticbio-analysistomakeasignificantcontributiontothewineindustry,bythedevelopmentofarangeofadvancedenzymatictestkits.Thistaskhasnowbeensuccessfullycompletedthroughthestrategicandcomprehensiveprocessofidentifyinglimitationsofexistingenzymaticbio-analysistestkitswheretheyoccurred,andthenusingadvancedtechniques,suchasmolecular
BIOLOGy(
photo1),torapidlyovercomethem.Noveltestkitshavealsobeendevelopedforanalytesofemerginginteresttotheoenologist,suchasyeastavailablenitrogen(
YAN;seepages2-3ofissue117article),orwherepreviouslyenzymesweresimplyeithernotavailable,orweretooexpensivetoemploy,suchasforD-mannitolanalysis.
Taraxeroneenhancesalcoholoxidationviaincreasesofalcoholdehyderogenase(ADH)andacetaldehydedehydrogenase(ALDH)activitiesandgeneexpressions.
Sung,C.K.,Kim,S.M.,Oh,C.J.,Yang,S.A.,Han,B.H.&Mo,E.K.(2012).FoodandChemicalToxicology,50(7),2508-2514.
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Thepresentstudy,taraxerone(D-friedoolean-14-en-3-one)wasisolatedfrom
Sedumsarmentosumwithpurity96.383%,anditsenhancingeffectsonalcoholdehydrogenase(ADH)andacetaldehydedehydrogenase(ALDH)activitiesweredetermined:EC
50valueswere512.42±3.12and500.16±3.23μMforADHandALDH,respectively.Inordertoobtainmoreinformationontaraxeronerelatedwiththealcoholmetabolism,40%ethanol(5mL/kgbodyweight)with0.5–1mMoftaraxeronewereadmi
NISTeredtomice.Theplasmaalcoholandacetaldehydeconcentrationsoftaraxerone-treatedgroupsweresignificantlyloweredthanthoseofthecontrolgroup(
p<0.01):=""approximately=""20–67%=""and=""7–57%=""lowered=""for=""plasma=""alcohol=""and=""acetaldehyde,=""respectively.=""compare=""to=""the=""control=""group,=""the=""adh=""and=""aldh=""expressions=""in=""the=""liver=""tissues=""were=""abruptly=""increased=""in=""the=""taraxerone-treated=""groups=""after=""ethanol=""exposure.=""in=""addition,=""taraxerone=""prevented=""catalase,=""superoxide=""dismutase,=""and=""reduced=""glutathione=""concentrations=""from=""the=""decrease=""induced=""by=""ethanol=""administration=""with=""the=""concentration=""dependent=""manner.="">
EffectsofChitooligosaccharideLactateSaltonActivityofAcetaldehydeDehydrogenase.
Cho,S.Y.,Yun,J.W.,Park,P.J.,Sohn,J.H.,Seo,D.B.,Lim,K.M.,Kim,W.G.&Lee,S.J.(2010).JournalofMedicinalFood,13(5),1061-1068.
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Chitooligosaccharides(COS),akindofoligosaccharidemadefromchitinorchitosan,havebeenusedapopularremedyforhangovers.Inthisstudyweinvestigatedthe
invitroeffectofCOSlactatesaltonethanol-inducedcytotoxicityandthe
invitroeffectofshort-termCOSlactatesaltfeedingonethanol-inducedhangover.PretreatmentofHepG2cellswithCOSlactatesaltsignificantlyreducedethanol-inducedcytotoxicityandsuppressedgenerationofreactiveoxygenspecies.Inaddition,COSlactatesaltdose-dependentlyincreasedacetaldehydedehydrogenase(ALDH)activity
invitroandreversedtheALDHinhibitioninducedbydaidzin.Fur
Thermore,oraladministrationofCOSlactatesalt(200 mg/kg)for5dayssignificantlydecreasedthebloodlevelsofalcoholandacetaldehydeinethanol-treatedmice.ItwasalsodemonstratedthathepaticmitochondrialALDHactivitywassignificantlyincreasedinCOSlactatesalt-treatedmice.Takentogether,thesefindingsindicatethatCOSlactatesaltmayhaveefficacyforthemanagementofalcoholichangovers.
Exploitationofthesemi‐homothalliclifecycleofSaccharomycescerevisiaeforthedevelopmentofbreedingstrategies.
Zara,G.,Mannazzu,I.,Sanna,M.L.,Orro,D.,Farris,G.A.&Budroni,M.(2008).FEMSYeastResearch,8(7),1147-1154.
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Astrainof
Saccharomycescerevisiaehavingdesirablewinemakingpropertiesandhighsporeviabilitywasbredfromasemi-homothallicparentstrainwithsimilarwinemakingpropertiesbutthatproducedsixfoldfewerviablespores.Becausetheparentwashomozygousfor
HOandforthe
MATaalleleatbothsilent
HMRand
HMLloci,itproducedtwo
MATaandtwononmating
Progenyperascus.Toobtainasegregantabletomatewiththestable
MATaprogeny,astrainofthenonmatingprogeny,previouslysubjectedto
HOdistruptionwitha
KanMX4cassette,wasused.Theresultant
MATαho::KanMX4transformantwasmatedtoa
MATaHOsegregantandthediploidproducedwassporulatedtoallowtheisolationofasemi-homothallicdiploidsegregantdesignated2Dthatlackedthe
KanMX4-disrupted
HOalleleasconfirmedbysequenceanalysis.Geneticanalysisindicatedgreaterhomozygosityin2DthanintheparentasassessedbyPCRatfiveloci.Thesugarconsumptionprofilesofboth2Dandtheparentingrapejuicefermentationswerethesame.Acetaldehydelevelsandpostfermentationbiofilmformationwerehigherin2Dthanintheparent.Because2Dhasacceptablewinemakingcharacteristicsbutproducessignificantlymoreviablesporesthantheparentstrain,itwillbeusefulinfuturebreedingefforts.
Potentialofthewastefrombeerfermentationbrothforbio-ethanolproductionwithoutanyadditionalenzyme,microbialcellsandcarbohydrates.
Ha,J.H.,Shah,N.,Ul-Islam,M.&Park,J.K.(2011).EnzymeandMicrobialTechnology,49(3),298-304.
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Thepotentialofthewastefrombeerfermentationbroth(WBFB)fortheproductionofbio-ethanolusingasimultaneoussaccharificationandfermentationprocesswithoutanyextraadditionsofsaccharificationenzymes,microbialcellsorcarbohydratewastested.ThemajormicrobialcellsinWBFBwereisolatedandidentified.ThevariationsincompositionsofWBFBwithstocktimewereinvestigated.TherewasresidualactivityofstarchhydrolyzingenzymesinWBFB.Theeffectsofreactionmodes,e.g.staticandshakingonbio-ethanolproductionwerestudied.After7daysofcultivationusingthesupernatantofWBFBat30°Ctheethanolconcentrationreached103.8g/Linshakingcultureand91.5g/Linstaticculture.Agitationexperimentsconductedatatemperature-profileprocessinwhichtemperaturewasincreasedfrom25to67°Cshortenedthesimultaneousprocesstime.TheoriginalWBFBwasmoreusefulthanthesupernatantofWBFBingettingthehigherconcentrationofethanolandreducingthefermentationtime.FromthiswholestudyitwasfoundthatWBFBisacheapandsuitablesourceforbio-ethanolproduction.
FunctionalimprovementofSaccharomycescerevisiaetoreducevolatileacidityinwine.
Luo,Z.,Walkey,C.J.,Madilao,L.L.,Measday,V.&Vuuren,H.J.(2013).FEMSYeastResearch,13(5),485-494.
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Controlofvolatileacidity(VA)isamajorissueforwinequality.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheproductionofVAbyadeletionmutantofthefermentationstressresponsegeneAAF1inthebuddingyeastSaccharomycescerevisiae.FermentationswerecarriedoutincommercialChardonnaygrapemusttomimicindustrialwine-makingconditions.WedemonstratedthatawineyeaststraindeletedforAAF1reducedaceticacidlevelsinwinebyupto39.2%withoutincreasingtheacetaldehydelevels,revealingapotentialforindustrialapplication.DeletionofthecytosolicaldehydedehydrogenasegeneALD6alsoreducedaceticacidlevelsdramatically,butincreasedtheacetaldehydelevelsby41.4%,whichisnotdesiredbythewineindustry.Bycomparison,ALD4andtheAAF1paralogRSF2hadnoeffectsonaceticacidproductioninwine.DeletionofAAF1wasdetrimentaltothegrowthofald6Δandald4Δald6Δmutants,buthadnoeffectonaceticacidproduction.OverexpressionofAAF1dramaticallyincreasedaceticacidlevelsinwineinanAld6p-dependentmanner,indicatingthatAaf1pregulatesaceticacidproductionmainlyviaAld6p.OverexpressionofAAF1inanald4Δald6Δstrainproducedsignificantlymoreaceticacidinwinethantheald4Δald6Δmutant,suggestingthatAaf1pmayalsoregulateaceticacidsynthesisindependentlyofAld4pandAld6p.
AlcoholMetabolisminHumanCellsCausesDNADamageandActivatestheFanconiAnemia–BreastCancerSusceptibility(FA‐BRCA)DNADamageResponseNetwork.
Abraham,J.,Balbo,S.,Crabb,D.&Brooks,P.J.(2011).Alcoholism:ClinicalandExperimentalResearch,35(12),2113-2120.
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Background:WerecentlyreportedthatexposureofhumancellsinvitrotoacetaldehyderesultedinactivationoftheFanconianemia-breastcancerassociated(FA-BRCA)DNAdamageresponsenetwork.Methods:TodeterminewhetherintracellulargenerationofacetaldehydefromethanolmetabolismcancauseDNAdamageandactivatetheFA-BRCAnetwork,weengineeredHeLacellstometabolizealcoholbyexpressionofhumanalcoholdehydrogenase1B.Results:IncubationofHeLa-ADH1Bcellswithethanol(20mM)resultedinacetaldehydeaccumulationinthemediawhichwaspreventedbyco-incubationwith4-methylpyrazole(4-MP),aspecificinhibitorofADH.EthanoltreatmentofHeLa-ADH1Bcellsproduceda4-foldincreaseintheacetaldehyde-DNAadduct,N2-ethylidene-dGuo,andalsoresultedinactivationoftheFanconianemia-breastcancersusceptibility(FA-BRCA)DNAdamageresponsenetwork,asindicatedbyamonoubiquitinationofFANCD2,andphosphorylationofBRCA1.Ser1524wasidentifiedasonesiteofBRCA1phosphorylation.TheincreasedlevelsofDNAadducts,FANCD2monoubiquitination,andBRCA1phosphorylationwereallblockedby4-MP,indicatingthatacetaldehyde,ratherthanethanolitself,wasresponsibleforallthreeresponses.Importantly,theethanolconcentrationweusediswithintherangethatcanbeattainedinthehumanbodyduringsocialdrinking.Conclusions:OurresultsindicatethatintracellularmetabolismofethanoltoacetaldehyderesultsinDNAdamagewhichactivatestheFA-BRCADNAdamageresponsenetwork.
EffectofthermalprocessingduringyogurtproductionuponthedetectionofstaphylococcalenterotoxinB.
Principato,M.,Boyle,T.,Njoroge,J.,Jones,R.L.&O"Donnell,M.(2009).JournalofFoodProtection®,72(10),2212-2216.
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ThisresearchwasconductedtoexaminetheinherentpropertiesofyogurtcontaminatedwithstaphylococcalenterotoxinB(SEB).Twotypesofyogurtswereproducedforthisstudy.TypeIyogurtswereproducedbyaddingSEBatthestartofyogurtproduction,andtypeIIyogurtswereproducedbyaddingSEBafterthemilkbasehadbeenboiled.Biochemicalcharacteristicsinherenttoyogurt,includingpH,lacticacidandacetaldehydeconcentrations,wereanalyzedweeklyforeachbatchbeginningatatimejustafterproductionandthroughoutastorageperiodofatleast4weeks.Thepresenceoftoxinduringyogurtproductiondidnotresultinanysignificantbiochemicalorphysicalchangesinyogurt.However,wewereunabletodetectSEBtoxinintypeIyogurtusingacommerciallyavailableenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(
ELISA).Incontrast,SEBwaseasilydetectablebyourELISAintypeIIyogurtsamples.HigherlevelsofSEBwererecoveredfromtypeIIyogurtthathadbeenstoredfor1weekthanfromtypeIIyogurtthathadbeenstoredforanyotherlengthoftime.Theseresultsindicatethatthebiochemicalcharacteristicsofyogurtdidnotchangesignificantly(relativetocontrolyogurt)inthepresenceofeitherthermallyprocessedSEBornativeSEB.However,theabilitytodetectSEBbyELISAwasdependentonwhetherthetoxinhadbeenprocessed.